Investigating clove oil and its derivatives as anaesthetic agents for decapod crustaceans to improve welfare commercially and at slaughter

Spoors, Felicity; James, Mark; Mendo, Tania; McKnight, J. Chris; Bønnelycke, Eva-Maria S.; Khan, Nicola

doi:10.3389/fanim.2023.1180977

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 47 publications

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“…Clove oil, a primary natural anesthetic in aquaculture, is renowned for its effectiveness, low risk of poisoning, antibacterial properties, and antioxidant effects [5]. Clove oil and its derivatives as anesthetic agents for decapod crustaceans have been investigated in other crustaceans for many years [6]. MS-222 is one of the most widely used anesthetics for poikilotherms worldwide [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride

Zhu,

Qi,

Shi

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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Anesthesia serves as an effective method to mitigate the stress response in aquatic animals during aquaculture and product transportation. In this study, we assessed the anesthetic efficacy of clove oil, tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222), ethanol, and magnesium chloride by anesthesia duration, recovery time, 24-hour survival rate, and the behavior of mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). Additionally, the optimal anesthetic concentration for varying body weights of mud crabs was also investigated. The results revealed that clove oil emerged as the optimal anesthetic for mud crabs, with a 24-hour survival rate surpassing those observed in MS-222 and magnesium chloride treatments. Ethanol caused amputation and hyperactivity in mud crabs. Regression analyses between the optimal anesthetic concentration of clove oil and the weight categories of 0.03–27.50 g and 27.50–399.73 g for mud crabs yielded the following equations: y = 0.0036 x3 − 0.1629 x2 + 1.7314 x + 4.085 (R2 = 0.7115) and y = 0.0437 x + 2.9461 (R2 = 0.9549). Clove oil exhibited no significant impact on serum cortisol, glucose, lactate content, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, or superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mud crabs across different treatment groups. Anesthesia induced by clove oil in mud crabs resulted in an increase in inhibitory neurotransmitters such as glycine. However, the recovery from anesthesia was associated with elevated levels of the excitatory neurotransmitters L-aspartic acid and glutamate. In conclusion, clove oil proves to be a safe and optimal anesthetic agent for mud crabs, exerting no physiological stress on the species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride

Zhu,

Qi,

Shi

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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Efficacy of anesthetics in an echinoderm based on multifaceted stress biomarkers

Carter,

Jobson,

Hamel

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Animal care committees remain ambiguous on the need for anesthetics during experimental procedures on invertebrate taxa due to long-standing questioning of their sentience and pain perception. When used, anesthetizing procedures for invertebrates have commonly been adapted from those developed for vertebrates, under the largely unverified assumption that they afford the same benefits. The present study formally tested the efficacy of four common anesthetics of aquatic invertebrates (ethanol, MgCl 2 , clove oil, MS-222) using behavioural (reaction to physical contact and presence of a predator), physiological (respiration rate), cellular (coelomocytes), and hormonal (cortisol) biomarkers in the holothuroid Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata). While subjects recovered from exposures to all anesthetics tested, their responses differed markedly. Ethanol did not immobilize the individuals and concurrently increased their respiration rate, and cellular and hormonal stress markers. MgCl 2 and clove oil reduced the behavioural and physiological responses, and decreased the cellular markers, but increased the cortisol levels. Only MS-222 fully immobilized the treated individuals and decreased their respiration rate, both during exposure and throughout ulterior interactions with a predator, while keeping coelomocyte counts and cortisol concentrations at baseline levels. MS-222 thus appears to induce the loss of sensation, representing a promising anesthetic and sedative in soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-77627-9.

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Cardiovascular physiology of decapod crustaceans: from scientific inquiry to practical applications

McGaw,

Ebrahim

2024

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Until recently, the decapod crustacean heart was regarded as a simple, single ventricle, contraction of which forces haemolymph out into seven arteries. Differential tissue perfusion is achieved by contraction and relaxation of valves at the base of each artery. In this Review, we discuss recent work that has shown that the heart is bifurcated by muscular sheets that may effectively divide the single ventricle into ‘chambers’. Preliminary research shows that these chambers may contract differentially; whether this enables selective tissue perfusion remains to be seen. Crustaceans are unusual in that they can stop their heart for extended periods. These periods of cardiac arrest can become remarkably rhythmic, accounting for a significant portion of the cardiac repertoire. As we discuss in this Review, in crustaceans, changes in heart rate have been used extensively as a measurement of stress and metabolism. We suggest that the periods of cardiac pausing should also be quantified in this context. In the past three decades, an exponential increase in crustacean aquaculture has occurred and heart rate (and changes thereof) is being used to understand the stress responses of farmed crustaceans, as well as providing an indicator of disease progression. Furthermore, as summarized in this Review, heart rate is now being used as an effective indicator of humane methods to anaesthetize, stun or euthanize crustaceans destined for the table or for use in scientific research. We believe that incorporation of new biomedical technology and new animal welfare policies will guide future research directions in this field.

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Investigating clove oil and its derivatives as anaesthetic agents for decapod crustaceans to improve welfare commercially and at slaughter

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride

Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride

Efficacy of anesthetics in an echinoderm based on multifaceted stress biomarkers

Cardiovascular physiology of decapod crustaceans: from scientific inquiry to practical applications

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