Investigating Infectious Organisms of Public Health Concern Associated with Wild Meat

Abstract

The wild meat trade poses a significant threat to public health as it facilitates the spillover of zoonotic pathogens through high-risk activities such as the hunting, butchering, trade, and consumption of wild animals. Despite the health risks and association with marking epidemics including SARS, Ebola, and COVID-19, the global wild meat trade continues to thrive. To summarize the evidence available, primary literature published between 2000 and 2022 was systematically and critically assessed for evidence of zoonotic pathogens or other infectious organisms detected in samples directly from wild meat, from animals hunted for wild meat, or from humans exposed through high-risk activities. Within the 97 articles analyzed, a total of 114 pathogen genera (15 viruses, 40 bacteria, 54 parasites, and 5 fungi) were detected in wild meat animals belonging to 168 vertebrate species including mammals, reptiles and birds sampled in 32 countries. In the context of wild meat specifically, infectious organisms were differentiated between those with zoonotic potential (32% of reported genera), ectoparasitic vectors (1%), and possible opportunistic or environmental contaminants. Thirteen viral, four bacterial, and one parasitic genera were also documented in humans participating in wild meat trade activities, supporting pathogen spillover potential. Most studies employed a targeted approach to evaluate the presence of (i.e., polymerase chain reaction (PCR); n = 65) or exposure to (i.e., ELISA; n = 19) a specific pathogen, while only one study employed broad-spectrum metabarcoding techniques. The diversity of infectious organisms associated with wild meat are highlighted through this review and could be used to guide policy development. However, the common use of a selected set of targeted detection assays likely biases the exploration of pathogen diversity, therefore potentially preventing the discovery of “disease x”. The global health risk demonstrated should make the illegal wild meat trade a priority for law-enforcement agencies and future research.

A systematic review and analysis of health risks associated with zootherapeutic practices in Africa

“…Examples include several HIV strains that originally spilled over from African primates (Peeters et al, 2014), Mpox spilling over from African mammals (with the specific reservoir(s) still being investigated, e.g., Falendysz et al, 2023), or Brucella bacteria from cattle, a predominant issue in northern and eastern Africa (Mburu et al, 2020;Djaafri et al, 2022). So far, hunting, and the butchering and consumption of wild and domestic animal meat have been investigated as major mechanisms for spill over, while other transmission routes, such as zootherapy, remain under-researched (Paige et al, 2014;Friant et al, 2022;Milbank and Vira, 2022;Moloney et al, 2023).…”