Investigating Radiotherapy Effects on PD-L1 Expression in Circulating Tumor Cells: An Exploratory Study

Abstract

Recent findings highlight that PD-L1 expression is not limited to the tumor environment. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as cancer cells detach from the main tumor mass and enter the bloodstream, also express PD-L1 [2]. As precursors to cancer metastasis, CTCs serve as real-time