Investigating reverse butterfly fractures: An experimental approach and application of fractography

Isa, Mariyam I.; Fenton, Todd W.; Antonelli, Lillian S.; Vaughan, Patrick E.; Wei, Feng

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110899

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Within MMNS VP‐6332, these oblique fracture lines join together between the proximal and distal fracture ends to create variably sized wedge‐ or triangular‐shaped fracture fragments known as “butterfly” fragments (Figs. 1DI‐DII, 3B, 3CIV, and 5D‐E) (Isa et al, 2021; Psihogios, 1995; Reber & Simmons, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A butterfly fracture is the most common fracture pattern associated with blunt force trauma to a long bone, and is considered a classic pattern of failure in a bending bone (Figure 5c–d) (Isa et al, 2021; Reber & Simmons, 2015). This bending failure is produced by the combination of compressive and tensile forces along the diaphysis of a long bone that creates an initial fracture on the nonimpact (tension) side, followed by oblique fractures on the impact (compressed) side, to produce the butterfly fragments (Figure 5c).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butterfly fracture – A classic pattern of bending bone failure that results from three‐point bending (a specific type of loading failure in blunt force trauma cases) occurring when a long bone is impacted between the proximal and distal ends. The fracture is formed by an initial transverse fracture on one side of the bone and is followed by oblique fractures on the opposite side of the bone, resulting in the separation of a V‐ or Y‐shaped wedge fragment (known as a butterfly fracture fragment) (Isa et al, 2021; Reber & Simmons, 2015). Two types of butterfly fractures are characterized as tension wedge and compression wedge fractures (Figure 5c).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tension wedge fracture (i.e., “impact side butterfly fragment”) ‐ is created when the initial transverse fracture begins on the opposite side of the blunt force impact (or tension side of the bone), and is followed by oblique fractures that radiate towards the same side as the impact (Isa et al, 2021; Reber & Simmons, 2015) (Figure 5c).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combined tension and compression wedge fracture – occurs in some cases of blunt force trauma when the impact occurs on the tension and compressed sides of the bone, thus resulting in the creation of both tension and compression wedge fragments (Isa et al, 2021; Reber & Simmons, 2015) (Figure 5c).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Chronic fracture and osteomyelitis in a large‐bodied ornithomimosaur with implications for the identification of unusual endosteal bone in the fossil record

Chinzorig

Beguesse

Canoville

et al. 2022

The Anatomical Record

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Paleopathological diagnoses provide key information on the macroevolutionary origin of disease as well as behavioral and physiological inferences that are inaccessible via direct observation of extinct organisms. Here we describe the external gross morphology and internal architecture of a pathologic right second metatarsal (MMNS VP-6332) of a large-bodied ornithomimid (432 kg) from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) Eutaw Formation in Mississippi, using a combination of X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) and petrographic histological analyses. Xray microCT imaging and histopathologic features are consistent with multiple complete, oblique to comminuted, minimally displaced mid-diaphyseal cortical fractures that produce a "butterfly" fragment fracture pattern, and secondary osteomyelitis with a bone fistula formation. We interpret this as evidence of blunt force trauma to the foot that could have resulted from intra-or interspecific competition or predator-prey interaction, and probably impaired the function of the metatarsal as a weight-bearing element until the animal's death. Of particular interest is the apparent decoupling of endosteal and periosteal pathological bone deposition in MMNS VP-6332, which produces transverse sections exhibiting homogenously thick endosteal pathological bone in the absence of localized periosteal reactive bone. These distribution and depositional patterns are used as criteria for ruling out a pathological origin in favor of a reproductive one for unusual endosteal bone in fossil specimens. On the basis of MMNS VP-6332, we suggest caution in their use to substantiate a medullary bone identification in extinct archosaurians.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%