“…To put the study area into its sociodemographic context, Extremadura is a region of southwest Spain, bordering Portugal, with an area of 41,635 km 2 and a population of 1,079,720 as of January 1,2017. Due to its low per capita income, Extremadura is the only region in Spain to remain among the least developed in the EU for the 2014-2020 planning period, with a GDP per capita below 75% of the average in Europe (Nieto & Cárdenas, 2015), which has encouraged investment in education and research (Grecu et al, 2015;Mate & Harris, 2013). Indeed, a PISA report (OECD, 2018) shows Extremadura is one of the regions with the worst results in the country.…”