“…By measuring the resistivity of rocks, important information such as water saturation (Jiang et al, 2021), porosity (Whitman and Yeboah-Forson, 2015), permeability (Kirkby and Heinson, 2017), rock type and composition (Rekapalli et al, 2015;Senger et al, 2021;Bai et al, 2022a) can be determined. Since Archie first proposed the empirical relationship between rock resistivity, porosity, and water saturation (Archie, 1942), scholars have studied the resistivity changes of rocks on this basis and found that the development of fractures (Yin and Xu, 2021), pressure (Wang et al, 2014), saturation (Yang et al, 2022), and frequency (Zhou and Che, 2021) of rocks affect resistivity changes. The frequency of rock fractures significantly affects the variation of resistivity with water saturation which can be used for fracture detection and evaluation (Lee et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2022).…”