Investigating the development of clouds within marine cold air outbreaks

Abstract

Abstract. Marine cold air outbreaks are important parts of the high-latitude climate system, and are characterised by strong surface fluxes generated by the air-sea temperature gradient. These fluxes promote cloud formation, which can be identified in satellite imagery by the distinct transformation of stratiform cloud 'streets' into a broken field of cumuliform clouds downwind of the outbreak. This evolution in cloud morphology changes the radiative properties of the cloud, and therefore is of importance to the surface energy budget. While the drivers of stratocumulus-to-cumulus transitions, such as aerosols or the sea surface temperature gradient, have been extensively studied for subtropical clouds, the factors influencing transitions at higher latitudes are relatively poorly understood. This work uses reanalysis data to create a set of composite trajectories of cold air outbreaks moving off the Arctic ice edge and co-locates these trajectories with satellite data to generate a unique view of cloud development within cold air outbreaks. The results of this analysis show that clouds embedded in cold-air outbreaks have distinctive properties relative to clouds following other, more stable, trajectories in the region. The initial strength of the outbreak shows a lasting effect on cloud properties, with differences between clouds in strong and weak events visible over 30 hours after the air has left the ice edge. However, while the strength (measured by the magnitude of the marine cold-air outbreak index) of the outbreak affects the magnitude of cloud properties, it does not affect the timing of the transition to cumuliform clouds nor the top-of-atmosphere albedo. In contrast, the initial aerosol concentration does not strongly affect the magnitude of the cloud properties, but aerosol concentration is correlated to cloud break-up, leading to an enhanced cooling effect in clouds moving through high aerosol conditions due to delayed break-up. This evidence of precipitation suppression enhancing cloud lifetime highlights the need for information about aerosol sources at the ice edge to correctly model cloud development. Both the aerosol environment and the strength and frequency of marine cold air outbreaks are expected to change in the future Arctic, and these results provide insight into how these changes will affect the radiative properties of the clouds.

Clouds and precipitation in the initial phase of marine cold air outbreaks as observed by airborne remote sensing

“…Averaged over liquid MCAO clouds between 2008 and 2014, the evolution of cloud cover with fetch obtained by MODIS (Murray-Watson et al, 2023) is in line with our observations. With 91 % at 35 km fetch, MODIS obtained only a 4 % smaller cloud cover than averaged over both MCAOs of this study.…”

“…However, this distance does not capture the influence of MIZ and leads encountered in the ice. We account for all areas of open water, which was already done in the past by either calculating the fetch (Brümmer, 1996;Müller et al, 1999;Spensberger and Spengler, 2021) or travel time (Tornow et al, 2021;Murray-Watson et al, 2023).…”