Investigating the Effect of Blood Sample Volume in the Chandler Loop Model: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis

Gaamangwe, Tidimogo; Peterson, Sean D.; Gorbet, Maud

doi:10.1007/s13239-014-0179-5

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We prepared flow clots in a Chandler loop at a rotation rate of 30 revolutions per minute. This setting has previously been used in multiple studies using whole blood and has been reported to yield clots that structurally resemble retrieved arterial clots [ 23 , 24 , 33 , 34 ]. Head and tail regions of these whole blood clots showed similar compositional heterogeneity as in vivo thrombi [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the clots formed in the Chandler loop reflect the complex flow patterns inside the tube [ 32 ], it was not possible to relate the direction of flow with the alignment of fibers we observed, nor to accurately translate the rotation speed of the Chandler loop to a shear rate value which would correspond to a known arterial or venous flow rate. In vivo, at arterial curvatures and bifurcations or under pathological or stenotic conditions, the blood flow can be turbulent with secondary flow patterns [ 16 , 33 , 36 , 37 ]. Thus, the flow pattern inside the Chandler loop with its curvature and secondary flow patterns likely represents these flow patterns where thrombus formation is possible [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flow affects the structural and mechanical properties of the fibrin network in plasma clots

Eyisoylu,

Hazekamp,

Cruts

et al. 2024

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

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The fibrin network is one of the main components of thrombi. Altered fibrin network properties are known to influence the development and progression of thrombotic disorders, at least partly through effects on the mechanical stability of fibrin. Most studies investigating the role of fibrin in thrombus properties prepare clots under static conditions, missing the influence of blood flow which is present in vivo. In this study, plasma clots in the presence and absence of flow were prepared inside a Chandler loop. Recitrated plasma from healthy donors were spun at 0 and 30 RPM. The clot structure was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy and correlated with the stiffness measured by unconfined compression testing. We quantified fibrin fiber density, pore size, and fiber thickness and bulk stiffness at low and high strain values. Clots formed under flow had thinner fibrin fibers, smaller pores, and a denser fibrin network with higher stiffness values compared to clots formed in absence of flow. Our findings indicate that fluid flow is an essential factor to consider when developing physiologically relevant in vitro thrombus models used in researching thrombectomy outcomes or risk of embolization. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow affects the structural and mechanical properties of the fibrin network in plasma clots

Eyisoylu,

Hazekamp,

Cruts

et al. 2024

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

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“…The Chandler loop model, which was previously established in our laboratory 15 , was utilized to evaluate the blood compatibility of the coated stents 16 – 18 . The Chandler loop model was accepted for the evaluation of blood compatibility of artificial materials in vitro as seen in ISO10993-4 Biological evaluation of medical devices -Part 4: Selection of tests for interactions with blood/Annex A Preclinical evaluation of cardiovascular devices and prostheses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stent coating containing a charged silane coupling agent that regulates protein adsorption to confer antithrombotic and cell-adhesion properties

Inuzuka,

Shobayashi,

Tateshima

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The evolution of endovascular therapies, particularly in the field of intracranial aneurysm treatment, has been truly remarkable and is characterized by the development of various stents. However, ischemic complications related to thrombosis or downstream emboli pose a challenge for the broader clinical application of such stents. Despite advancements in surface modification technologies, an ideal coating that fulfills all the desired requirements, including anti-thrombogenicity and swift endothelialization, has not been available. To address these issues, we investigated a new coating comprising 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) with both anti-thrombogenic and cell-adhesion properties. We assessed the anti-thrombogenic property of the coating using an in vitro blood loop model by evaluating the platelet count and the level of the thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complex, and investigating thrombus formation on the surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We then assessed endothelial cell adhesion on the metal surfaces. In vitro blood tests revealed that, compared to a bare stent, the coating significantly inhibited platelet reduction and thrombus formation; more human serum albumin spontaneously adhered to the coated surface to block thrombogenic activation in the blood. Cell adhesion tests also indicated a significant increase in the number of cells adhering to the APTES-coated surfaces compared to the numbers adhering to either the bare stent or the stent coated with an anti-fouling phospholipid polymer. Finally, we performed an in vivo safety test by implanting coated stents into the internal thoracic arteries and ascending pharyngeal arteries of minipigs, and subsequently assessing the health status and vessel patency of the arteries by angiography over the course of 1 week. We found that there were no adverse effects on the pigs and the vascular lumens of their vessels were well maintained in the group with APTES-coated stents. Therefore, our new coating exhibited both high anti-thrombogenicity and cell-adhesion properties, which fulfill the requirements of an implantable stent.

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“…The dosage volume was 20 mL/kg, with 10 animals per group (five male and five female) fed in separate cages. In experiment 6, the Chandler thrombus model in vitro of rats was established ( Chen, 2004 ; Jiang et al, 2004 ; Wang H. et al, 2010 ; McClung et al, 2010 ; Stefanie et al, 2013 ; Song, 2012 ; Gaammangwe et al, 2014 ; Hisham et al, 2014 ; Yu et al, 2015 ). Rats were divided into model control (normal saline), aspirin enteric-coated tablets control ( Ma et al, 2002 ; Gao et al, 2005 ; Yu, 2007 ; Yang, 2008 ; Chen et al, 2013 ) (0.025 g kg –1 d –1 ), low-dose ZXZTCs (0.1313 g kg –1 d –1 ), medium-dose ZXZTCs (0.2625 g kg –1 d –1 ), and high-dose ZXZTCs (0.5250 g kg –1 d –1 ) groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of chemical constituents in vitro and in vivo and systematic evaluation of the pharmacological effects of Tibetan medicine Zhixue Zhentong capsules

et al. 2023

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Introduction: Zhixue Zhentong capsules (ZXZTCs) are a Tibetan medicine preparation solely composed of Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo. L. rotata is the only species of the genus Laniophlomis (family Lamiaceae) that has medicinal constituents derived from the grass or root and rhizome. L. rotata is one of the most extensively used folk medicines by Tibetan, Mongolian, Naxi, and other ethnic groups in China and has been listed as a first-class endangered Tibetan medicine. The biological effects of the plant include hemostasis, analgesia, and the removal of blood stasis and swelling.Purpose: This study aimed to profile the overall metabolites of ZXZTCs and those entering the blood. Moreover, the contents of six metabolites were measured and the hemostatic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of ZXZTCs were explored.Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed for qualitative analysis of the metabolites of ZXZTCs and those entering the blood. Six metabolites of ZXZTCs were quantitatively determined via high-performance liquid chromatography The hemostatic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of ZXZTCs were evaluated in various animal models.Results: A total of 36 metabolites of ZXZTCs were identified, including 13 iridoid glycosides, 9 flavonoids, 9 phenylethanol glycosides, 4 phenylpropanoids, and 1 other metabolite. Overall, 11 metabolites of ZXZTCs entered the blood of normal rats. Quantitative analysis of the six main metabolites, shanzhiside methyl ester, chlorogenic acid, 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester, forsythin B, luteoloside, and verbascoside, was extensively performed. ZXZTCs exerted hemostatic effects by reducing platelet aggregation and thrombosis and shortening bleeding time. Additionally, ZXZTCs clearly had an analgesic effect, as observed through the prolongation of the latency of writhing, reduction in writhing, and increase in the pain threshold of experimental rats. Furthermore, significant anti-inflammatory effects of ZXZTCs were observed, including a reduction in capillary permeability, the inhibition of foot swelling, and a reduction in the proliferation of granulation tissue.Conclusion: Speculative identification of the overall metabolites of ZXZTCs and those entering the blood can provide a foundation for determining its biologically active constituents. The established method is simple and reproducible and can help improve the quality control level of ZXZTCs as a medicinal product. Evaluating the hemostatic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of ZXZTCs can help reveal its mechanism.

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Investigating the Effect of Blood Sample Volume in the Chandler Loop Model: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Flow affects the structural and mechanical properties of the fibrin network in plasma clots

Flow affects the structural and mechanical properties of the fibrin network in plasma clots

Stent coating containing a charged silane coupling agent that regulates protein adsorption to confer antithrombotic and cell-adhesion properties

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of chemical constituents in vitro and in vivo and systematic evaluation of the pharmacological effects of Tibetan medicine Zhixue Zhentong capsules

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