Investigating the Effects of Ultrasonic Frequency and Membrane Technology on Biodiesel Production from Chicken Waste

Abstract

In this study, the experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to evaluate the effect of ultrasound waves on biodiesel production from chicken feet oil. A two-step esterification–transesterification mechanism was employed to improve the biodiesel quality. The continuous (methanol-to-oil molar ratio and KOH catalyst amount) and discrete (frequencies, 25 and 45 kHz) variables were investigated using the experimental design method. The five-level three-factor response surface method (RSM) was assisted to optimize the biodiesel synthesis variables. Applying RSM based on the central composite design (CCD), a polynomial equation was fitted to the experimental data with the aid of Design-Expert software. The model accuracy was checked by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed the highest yield of 89.74% could be achieved by using an M/O molar ratio of 12, a KOH concentration of 1 wt%, and an ultrasound frequency of 45 kHz. Finally, a mathematical model of biodiesel production in a membrane system was developed. The reaction rate constant was calculated as a function of ultrasonic frequency. Compared with the conventional method, the membrane system has significantly improved chicken feet biodiesel production’s reaction rate. The membrane is more effective at higher frequencies than at lower ones.

Membrane Performance on Biodiesel Production and Purification: A Review

“…It was also observed that part of adsorption water by the membrane does not affect the FFAs conversion for the long run. Chicken waste as feedstock for biodiesel production though a two-step esterification-transesterification mechanism using ultrasonic bath and a membrane system was also examined by Haghighi et al [39]. Their findings indicated that membrane system performance, which was evaluated by modeling, exhibited efficient TG conversion under optimum conditions and biodiesel blend decreased the reaction time to six times shorter (15 min) than the conventional method (1.5 h).…”

Extraction, Characterization, Amino Acid Profile of Halal Gelatin from Kampong and Broiler Chicken Feet Skin

“…Several researchers (Karuppannan et al, 2021;Lasekan et al, 2013) suggest implementing zero waste in the poultry industry; in addition, the poultry processing industry produces side products such as liver, gizzard, feet, and other innards, and researchers recommend processing this waste into renewable energy, livestock feed, fertilizers, and pet foods. Haghighi et al (2021); Janarthanam et al (2020) have reported using chicken slaughter waste as a source of biodiesel. Some researchers (Adinurani et al, 2017;Abdullah et al, 2021;Latifi et al, 2019;Setyobudi et al, 2021a) recycle poultry waste into sustainable clean energy, namely biogas.…”

Production and characterization of biodiesel from canola oil through enzymatic transesterification

“…Both basic and acidic catalysts could vary in the form of homogenous or heterogenous, while the enzymes would be in the form of free or immobilized ones [5]. Currently, homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification is the most utilized technique for biodiesel production [6][7][8][9]. It is immensely applied in the industry because of its rapid reaction with maximum conversion rate, relatively mild reaction condition, and abundance in KOH and NaOH catalysts [2,10].…”