Investigating the Energy-Water Usage Efficiency of the Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater for Artificial Groundwater Recharge

Fournier, Eric Daniel; Keller, Arturo A.; Geyer, Roland; Frew, James

doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04465

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In an energy-water nexus analysis of water supply scenarios in coastal communities (Tampa Bay and San Diego) in the USA, maximizing water reclamation was found to be a better solution compared to desalination from embodied energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy cost perspectives [19]. However, a study of the energy requirements needed to deliver reclaimed water up-gradient of six watersheds indicated that the water needed for the energy exceeded the amount of water that would be pumped to the various delivery locations [20]. Another study considering the Middle East and North Africa showed a relatively weak dependence of energy systems on seawater (rather than fresh water) but a strong dependence of water systems (mainly abstraction and production) on energy [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks

et al. 2017

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• This study quantifies the nexus as energy intensity and greenhouse gas potential.• Baseline water stress and return flow ratio are identified as water risks.• Source water accessibility significantly contributes to variations in the nexus.• Water risks have little impact on the nexus of wastewater systems.• Study on the nexus is suggested to be conducted at regional levels. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C TThe importance of the interdependence between water and energy, also known as the water-energy nexus, is well recognized. The water-energy nexus is typically characterized in resource use efficiency terms such as energy intensity. This study aims to explore the quantitative results of the nexus in terms of energy intensity and environmental impacts (mainly greenhouse gas emissions) on existing water systems within urban water cycles. We also characterized the influence of water risks on the water-energy nexus, including baseline water stress (a water quantity indicator) and return flow ratio (a water quality indicator). For the 20 regions and 4 countries surveyed (including regions with low to extremely high water risks that are geographically located in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, and North America), their energy intensities were positively related to the water risks. Regions with higher water risks were observed to have relatively higher energy and GHG intensities associated with their water supply systems. This mainly reflected the major influence of source water accessibility on the nexus, particularly for regions requiring energy-intensive imported or groundwater supplies, or desalination. Regions that use tertiary treatment (for water reclamation or environmental protection) for their wastewater treatment systems also had relatively higher energy and GHG emission intensities, but the intensities seemed to be independent from the water risks. On-site energy recovery (e.g., biogas or waste heat) in the wastewater treatment systems offered a great opportunity for reducing overall energy demand and its associated environmental impacts. Future policy making for the water and energy sectors should carefully consider the waterenergy nexus at the regional or local level to achieve maximum environmental and economic benefits. The results from this study can provide a better understanding of the water-energy nexus and informative recommendations for future policy directions for the effective management of water and energy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks

et al. 2017

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“…Steinel et al [33] considered existing infrastructure, such as dams, to select sites suitable for the infiltration of captured surface runoff. The optimum surface spreading basin was evaluated using a weighted overlay analysis model in a porous aquifer in the USA [34]. Farhadian et al [35] used the Nash conflict resolution method to determine suitable sites for MAR application.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, site selection has included hydraulic conductivity [34], storativity [18], and transmissivity [27] of the aquifers studied. The thickness of the aquifer has also been included in some studies [33,38].…”

Section: Transmissivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Delineation of Suitable Zones for the Application of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Coastal Aquifers Using Quantitative Parameters and the Analytical Hierarchy Process

Kazakis

2018

Water

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Abstract:Coastal aquifer salinization is usually related to groundwater overexploitation and water table decline. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) can be applied as a measure to reverse and prevent this phenomenon. A detailed literature review was performed to identify the various methods and parameters commonly used to determine suitable sites of MAR application. Based on the review results, a new multi-criteria index (SuSAM) that is compatible to coastal aquifers was developed to delineate suitable zones for MAR application. New parameters were introduced into the index, such as distance from the shore and hydraulic resistance of the vadose zone, while factor weights were determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and single sensitivity analysis. The applicability of the new index was examined in the coastal aquifer of the Anthemountas basin located in northern Greece. The most suitable areas for MAR application cover 28% of the aquifer's surface area, while 16% of the area was characterized as non-suitable for MAR application. The new method constitutes the first step of the managed aquifer recharge concept for the delineation of MAR-suitable zones in coastal aquifers.

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“…Numerous studies have investigated different aspects of planning MAR or recycled water systems, but none presented comprehensive engineering and economic methods suited to our study's scope on multisupply spreading basin design. Representative recent studies have focused on optimizing existing water infrastructure systems (Cherchi et al, ; Perelman et al, ), optimizing designs for nonpotable recycled water systems (Kavvada et al, ; Lee et al, ), designing direct potable reuse systems (Guo & Englehardt, ; Vitter et al, ), siting and costing new recharge facilities (Dillon & Arshad, ; Fournier et al, ; Pedrero et al, ; Russo et al, ), optimizing recharge and recovery well systems that receive storm water (Clark et al, ; Marchi et al, ), and optimizing new recycled water distribution systems (Fournier et al, ; Lan et al, ; Lee et al, ; Zhang et al, ). In addition, several studies—for example, Newman et al (), Porse et al (), Wu et al (), and Xiong et al ()—investigate optimizing urban water supplies portfolios that include recycled water, but none of these studies consider both the engineering and economic considerations within our study's scope.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

System Modeling, Optimization, and Analysis of Recycled Water and Dynamic Storm Water Deliveries to Spreading Basins for Urban Groundwater Recharge

Bradshaw

Osorio

Schmitt³

et al. 2019

Water Resources Research

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To bolster freshwater supplies, water managers are increasingly interested in recharging groundwater using storm water and recycled water. However, such multisupply groundwater recharge projects are hindered by the lack of planning tools to evaluate system design costs and trade‐offs. This study presents modeling advancements that provide enhanced insights into multisupply spreading basin systems (i.e., spreading basins that accommodate both advanced treated recycled water and dynamically available storm water), a form of managed aquifer recharge. The model identifies system designs that optimize infrastructure life cycle cost and water volumes infiltrated for groundwater recharge. To illustrate the model's application under realistic conditions, we present a case study of Los Angeles, California. In this case study, we find that competition between storm water and recycled water for spreading basin use is relatively minor. Moreover, compared to systems based on existing conservative assumptions, our methods identify optimal dynamic system designs that are 5%–20% more cost‐effective, primarily resulting from higher water recycling facility utilization. Overall, this approach, which considers the dynamic nature of storm water availability and variable recycled water production, can inform water planners of the cost, water volume, and energy trade‐offs associated with different multisupply spreading basin system designs, including varying levels of centralization.

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Investigating the Energy-Water Usage Efficiency of the Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater for Artificial Groundwater Recharge

Cited by 22 publications

References 57 publications

Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks

Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks

Delineation of Suitable Zones for the Application of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Coastal Aquifers Using Quantitative Parameters and the Analytical Hierarchy Process

System Modeling, Optimization, and Analysis of Recycled Water and Dynamic Storm Water Deliveries to Spreading Basins for Urban Groundwater Recharge

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