Investigating the impact of overnight fasting on intrinsic functional connectivity: a double-blind fMRI study

Orfanos, Stelios; Toygar, Timur; Berthold-Losleben, Mark; Chechko, Natalia; Durst, Annette; Laoutidis, Zacharias G.; Vocke, Sebastian; Weidenfeld, Caren; Schneider, Frank; Karges, Wölfram; Beckmann, Christian F.; Habel, Ute; Kohn, Nils

doi:10.1007/s11682-017-9777-9

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The duration of fasting in human studies typically ranges from 2 to 24 h 24 , 29 , 30 . Overnight fasting for 12–14 h has been commonly used to detect relationships between fasting and cognition in humans 31 , 32 . Imaging findings showed that 14 or 16 h of overnight fasting significantly increased the activation of brain areas that are related to cognition 23 , 28 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasting enhances extinction retention and prevents the return of fear in humans

et al. 2018

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Fear is prone to return following extinction that is the basis of exposure therapy for fear-related disorders. Manipulations that enhance the extinction process can be beneficial for treatment. Animal studies have shown that fasting or caloric restriction can enhance extinction and inhibit the return of fear. The present study examined the effects of fasting on fear acquisition, extinction, and the return of fear in humans. One hundred and twenty-five male participants were randomized into a fasting group and food group and exposed to a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm. Changes in plasma cortisol and ghrelin levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. One-night fasting had no effect on fear acquisition but enhanced fear extinction retention and prevented the return of fear, and this effect persisted for at least 6 months. This procedure was also effective for remote fear memory. Plasma ghrelin levels were elevated after fasting and had a negative relationship with the fear response in spontaneous recovery test. However, overnight fasting did not affect cortisol levels. These findings indicate that fasting enhances extinction retention and prevents the return of fear, without influencing fear memory formation. We propose that this novel procedure may open new avenues for promoting extinction-based therapies for fear-related disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasting enhances extinction retention and prevents the return of fear in humans

et al. 2018

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“…In the present study, an effort was made to establish a similar gastric state at each experimental session, using a fixed schedule and fixed breakfast. Researchers have probed the effect of gastric state, including overnight fasting, on rsfMRI outcomes [55,56]. Concurrent EGG would allow future studies in this area to benefit from measures of how gastric state affects stomach-brain synchronization.…”

Section: What Is Your Stomach Saying To Your Brain?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-locking of resting-state brain networks with the gastric basal electrical rhythm

Choe

Tang

Smith³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A network of myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal in the corpus of the stomach serves as its “pacemaker”, continuously generating a ca. 0.05 Hz electrical slow wave, which is transmitted to the brain chiefly by vagal afferents. A recent study combining resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) with concurrent surface electrogastrography (EGG), with cutaneous electrodes placed on the epigastrium, found 12 brain regions with activity that was significantly phase-locked with this gastric basal electrical rhythm. Therefore, we asked whether fluctuations in brain resting state networks (RSNs), estimated using a spatial independent component analysis (ICA) approach, might be synchronized with the stomach. In the present study, in order to determine whether any RSNs are phase-locked with the gastric rhythm, an individual participant underwent 22 scanning sessions; in each, two 15-minute runs of concurrent EGG and rsfMRI data were acquired. EGG data from three sessions had weak gastric signals and were excluded; the other 19 sessions yielded a total of 9.5 hours of data. The rsfMRI data were analyzed using group ICA; RSN time courses were estimated using dual regression; for each run, the phase-locking value (PLV) was computed between each RSN and the gastric signal. To assess statistical significance, PLVs from all pairs of “mismatched” data (EGG and rsfMRI data acquired on different days) were used as surrogate data to generate a null distribution for each RSN. Of a total of 18 RSNs, three were found to be significantly phase-locked with the basal gastric rhythm, namely, a cerebellar network, a dorsal somatosensory-motor network, and a default mode network. Disruptions to the gut-brain axis, which sustains interoceptive feedback between the central nervous system and the viscera, are thought to be involved in various disorders; manifestation of the infra-slow rhythm of the stomach in brain rsfMRI data could be useful for studies in clinical populations.

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“…Second, the selection of brain networks was motivated by their role in cognition specifically to highlevel cognitive constructs such as attention and cognitive control and their relevance in the literature . While we perceive this selection as well-motivated and we have demonstrated their sensitivity (14), it is a subjective pre-selection. We might not cover other cognitive processes and associated brain networks equally well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Subsequently, these time-course matrices are employed in a linear model fit against the subject's fMRI data set to estimate subject-specific spatial maps. From these subject-wise expressions of the 10 networks, we selected four networks of interest (the left and right lateralized fronto-parietal attention networks, FPN; the executive control network, ECN; and the default mode network, DMN), due to their importance in the neuroimaging field, their comparatively clear functional profile and their importance in mental disease or previous microbiome research (10,11,(14)(15)(16). The different spatial maps for all participants are combined into a single 4D file per target network.…”

Section: Generation Of Subject-specific Functional Connectivity Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We chose to investigate four very well characterized and often replicated brain networks (11). We used this selection in previous work to investigate the impact of fasting on functional connectivity in rest (14). We limited our study to a set of four networks of interest (the lateralized fronto-parietal (left/right) attention networks, FPN; the executive control network, ECN; and the default mode network, DMN) due to their importance in the neuroimaging field, their comparatively clear and cognitive functional profile and their importance in mental disease or previous microbiome research (10,11,(14)(15)(16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multivariate associative patterns between the gut microbiota and large-scale brain network connectivity

Kohn

Llera

Beckmann

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Research on the gut-brain axis has accelerated substantially over the course of the last years. Many reviews have outlined the important implications of understanding the relation of the gut microbiota with human brain function and behavior. One substantial drawback in integrating gut microbiome and brain data is the lack of integrative multivariate approaches that enable capturing variance in both modalities simultaneously. To address this issue, we applied a linked independent component analysis (LICA) to microbiota and brain connectivity data. We analyzed data from 58 healthy females (mean age=21.5 years). Magnetic Resonance Imaging data were acquired using resting state functional imaging data. The assessment of gut microbial composition from feces was based on sequencing of the V4 16S rRNA gene region. We used the LICA model to simultaneously factorize the subjects' large-scale brain networks and microbiome relative abundance data into 10 independent components of spatial and abundance variation. LICA decomposition resulted in four components with non-marginal contribution of the microbiota data. The default mode network featured strongly in three components, whereas the two-lateralized fronto-parietal attention networks contributed to one component. The executive-control (with the default mode) network was associated to another component. We found the abundance of Prevotella genus was associated to the strength of expression of all networks, whereas Bifidobacterium was associated with the default mode and frontoparietal-attention networks. We provide the first exploratory evidence for multivariate associative patterns between the gut microbiota and brain network connectivity in healthy humans, taking into account the complexity of both systems.

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Investigating the impact of overnight fasting on intrinsic functional connectivity: a double-blind fMRI study

Cited by 9 publications

References 64 publications

Fasting enhances extinction retention and prevents the return of fear in humans

Fasting enhances extinction retention and prevents the return of fear in humans

Phase-locking of resting-state brain networks with the gastric basal electrical rhythm

Multivariate associative patterns between the gut microbiota and large-scale brain network connectivity

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