Investigating the Influence of External Car Displays on Pedestrians' Crossing Behavior in Virtual Reality

Holländer, Kai; Colley, Ashley; Maï, C.; Häkkilä, Jonna; Alt, Florian; Pfleging, Bastian

doi:10.1145/3338286.3340138

Cited by 86 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The impact of the eHMI was statistically significant for only a small period of the TTS measures for Aggressive braking and none of the measures of TTA for Constant speed conditions, and for these behaviors, the effect size was not high. The finding that eHMI is generally effective is in line with previous findings [1,4,13,14,16]. However, this comes with the caveat -the effectiveness of the eHMI is contingent on the behavior and the speed of the vehicle.…”

Section: The Effect Of Ehmisupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Although there is currently no consensus on the kind of eHMI that is ideally suited for AV-pedestrian communication, prior research indicate that eHMIs can be effective in clarifying the intention of an AV [1,4,13,14,16]. Therefore, we hypothesize that an eHMI will elucidate the vehicle's intention and for a yielding vehicle, pedestrians will show a willingness to cross more quickly than without an eHMI (H1).…”

Section: Research Question and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…There are different schools of thought when it comes to effectively facilitating the interactions between an automated vehicle (AV) and Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) such as pedestrians. One recommends the use of eHMIs as the solution to mitigate the uncertainty that arises from a pedestrians' inability to communicate with a 'driver' inside: In negotiation situations when the paths of AVs and pedestrians intersect, an eHMI shows promise in resolving ambiguity and increasing pedestrians' feelings of trust and safety in AVs [4,14,16,17,18]. However, there exist other research that found no significant effect of an eHMI on pedestrians' road crossing decisions [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Communicating the intention of an automated vehicle to pedestrians: The contributions of eHMI and vehicle behavior

Dey

Matviienko

Berger

et al. 2020

It - Information Technology

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External Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) are expected to bridge the communication gap between an automated vehicle (AV) and pedestrians to replace the missing driver-pedestrian interaction. However, the relative impact of movement-based implicit communication and explicit communication with the aid of eHMIs on pedestrians has not been studied and empirically evaluated. In this study, we pit messages from an eHMI against different driving behaviors of an AV that yields to a pedestrian to understand whether pedestrians tend to pay more attention to the motion dynamics of the car or the eHMI in making road-crossing decisions. Our contributions are twofold: we investigate (1) whether the presence of eHMIs has any objective effect on pedestrians’ understanding of the vehicle’s intent, and (2) how the movement dynamics of the vehicle affect the perception of the vehicle intent and interact with the impact of an eHMI. Results show that (1) eHMIs help in convincing pedestrians of the vehicle’s yielding intention, particularly when the speed of the vehicle is slow enough to not be an obvious threat, but still fast enough to raise a doubt about a vehicle’s stopping intention, and (2) pedestrians do not blindly trust the eHMI: when the eHMI message and the vehicle’s movement pattern contradict, pedestrians fall back to movement-based cues. Our results imply that when explicit communication (eHMI) and implicit communication (motion-dynamics and kinematics) are in alignment and work in tandem, communication of the AV’s yielding intention can be facilitated most effectively. This insight can be useful in designing the optimal interaction between AVs and pedestrians from a user-centered design perspective when driver-centric communication is not available.

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Section: The Effect Of Ehmisupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Research Question and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Communicating the intention of an automated vehicle to pedestrians: The contributions of eHMI and vehicle behavior

Dey

Matviienko

Berger

et al. 2020

It - Information Technology

Self Cite

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“…Still, all guidance concepts performed significantly better than the baseline condition. Implementing well-known colors from traffic signals for pedestrian guidance fosters comprehensibility [22,32]. However, red and green signals alone are not suitable for colorblind pedestrians.…”

Section: Visual Guidance Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the future, we might also see automated vehicles displaying explicit messages or cues, for example via projections [8,12,51], displays [11,22,32] or light bands [5,6,26]. Such external human machine interfaces (eHMIs) present information about a vehicle's intentions towards pedestrians in order to enable safe crossing decisions [57].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Save the Smombies: App-Assisted Street Crossing

Holländer

Krüger

Butz

2020

22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction With Mobile Devices and Services

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Using a smartphone while walking in urban traffic is dangerous. Pedestrians might become distracted and have to split their attention between traffic, walking and using the mobile device. The increasing level of automation in vehicles introduces novel challenges and opportunities for pedestrian-vehicle interaction, e.g external displays attached to automated vehicles. However, these approaches are hardly scalable and fail to provide clear information in a multiuser environment. We investigate whether a smartphone app could provide individual guidance to enhance pedestrian safety in future traffic. To this end, we tested three app concepts in a user study (N=24) and found that on-screen guidance increases the frequency of successful crossing decisions significantly. In addition, all participants indicated that they would use the proposed system, preferably with an unobtrusive colored bar indicating the safest crossing decision in real-time. Integrating smartphones into the

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Comparison of Pedestrians’ Gap Acceptance Behavior Towards Automated and Human-Driven Vehicles

Chen

Jiang

Zhuang

et al. 2020

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. Cognition and Design

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Investigating the Influence of External Car Displays on Pedestrians' Crossing Behavior in Virtual Reality

Abstract: Investigating the influence of external car displays on pedestrians' crossing behavior in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services [27] Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.

Cited by 86 publications

References 32 publications

Communicating the intention of an automated vehicle to pedestrians: The contributions of eHMI and vehicle behavior

Communicating the intention of an automated vehicle to pedestrians: The contributions of eHMI and vehicle behavior

Save the Smombies: App-Assisted Street Crossing

Comparison of Pedestrians’ Gap Acceptance Behavior Towards Automated and Human-Driven Vehicles

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