Investigating the Mechanism of Inactivation of Escherichia coli B by Monochloramine

Jacangelo, Joseph G.; Olivieri, Vincent P.; Kawata, Kazuyoshi

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1991.tb07152.x

Cited by 57 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In these studies, monochloramine reacted rapidly with only four amino acids (cysteine, cystine, methionine, and tryptophan) and very slowly with DNA and RNA and did not severely damage the cell envelope of E. coli B. In all, this previous research supports the multiple-hit monochloramine disinfection concept whereby monochloramine reacts at several sensitive sites in bacteria before the bacteria become inactivated (18). The multiple-hit concept may explain the lag phase because the multiple reactions leading to disinfection proceed slowly.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…The presence of a lag phase during monochloramine disinfection is not surprising based on its proposed disinfection mechanism from studies involving Escherichia coli B (17)(18)(19). In these studies, monochloramine reacted rapidly with only four amino acids (cysteine, cystine, methionine, and tryptophan) and very slowly with DNA and RNA and did not severely damage the cell envelope of E. coli B.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Monochloramine Disinfection Kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea by Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR and Live/Dead BacLight Methods

Wahman

Wulfeck-Kleier

Pressman

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Monochloramine disinfection kinetics were determined for the pure-culture ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea (ATCC 19718) by two culture-independent methods, namely, Live/Dead BacLight (LD) and propidium monoazide quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR). Both methods were first verified with mixtures of heat-killed (nonviable) and non-heat-killed (viable) cells before a series of batch disinfection experiments with stationary-phase cultures (batch grown for 7 days) at pH 8.0, 25°C, and 5, 10, and 20 mg Cl 2 /liter monochloramine. Two data sets were generated based on the viability method used, either (i) LD or (ii) PMA-qPCR. These two data sets were used to estimate kinetic parameters for the delayed Chick-Watson disinfection model through a Bayesian analysis implemented in WinBUGS. This analysis provided parameter estimates of 490 mg Cl 2 -min/liter for the lag coefficient (b) and 1.6 ؋ 10 ؊3 to 4.0 ؋ 10 ؊3 liter/mg Cl 2 -min for the Chick-Watson disinfection rate constant (k). While estimates of b were similar for both data sets, the LD data set resulted in a greater k estimate than that obtained with the PMA-qPCR data set, implying that the PMA-qPCR viability measure was more conservative than LD. For N. europaea, the lag phase was not previously reported for culture-independent methods and may have implications for nitrification in drinking water distribution systems. This is the first published application of a PMA-qPCR method for disinfection kinetic model parameter estimation as well as its application to N. europaea or monochloramine. Ultimately, this PMA-qPCR method will allow evaluation of monochloramine disinfection kinetics for mixed-culture bacteria in drinking water distribution systems.As a result of stage 1 and stage 2 disinfectant and disinfection by-product rules, chloramination for secondary disinfection in the United States is predicted to increase to 57% of all surface and 7% of all groundwater treatment systems (49). A recent survey reported that 30% of the respondents currently chloraminate to maintain distribution system residual, and other recent surveys suggest that between 8 and 12% of drinking water utilities are contemplating a future switch to chloramination (3, 43).Although chloramines are considered weaker disinfectants than chlorine for suspended bacteria, chloramines are perceived as more effective disinfectants for a biofilm (25, 53). As a result of their lower reactivity, chloramines are believed to penetrate a biofilm further and thereby to more effectively disinfect biofilm bacteria with depth than chlorine (53).Chloramination comes with the risk of distribution system nitrification (2, 21, 22). Based on utility surveys, 30 to 63% of utilities practicing chloramination for secondary disinfection experience nitrification episodes (3,21,43,54). Nitrification in drinking water distribution systems is undesirable and may result in water quality degradation (e.g., disinfectant depletion, coliform occurrences, or nitrite/nitrate formation) and subsequent noncompliance with exis...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monochloramine Disinfection Kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea by Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR and Live/Dead BacLight Methods

Wahman

Wulfeck-Kleier

Pressman

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…It is explained by the formation of monochloramine (NH 2 Cl) in equilibrium with NCT (36,39). Because of its higher lipophilicity, NH 2 Cl penetrates and kills microorganisms more rapidly than NCT (11,36,40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N -Chlorotaurine Exhibits Fungicidal Activity against Therapy-Refractory Scedosporium Species and Lomentospora prolificans

Lackner

Binder

Reindl

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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N-Chlorotaurine (NCT), a well-tolerated endogenous long-lived oxidant that can be applied topically as an antiseptic, was tested on its fungicidal activity against Scedosporium and Lomentospora, opportunistic fungi that cause severe infections with limited treatment options, mainly in immunocompromised patients. In quantitative killing assays, both hyphae and conidia of Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium boydii, and Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans) were killed by 55 mM (1.0%) NCT at pH 7.1 and 37°C, with a 1-to 4-log 10 reduction in CFU after 4 h and a 4-to >6-log 10 reduction after 24 h. The addition of ammonium chloride to NCT markedly increased this activity. LIVE/DEAD staining of conidia treated with 1.0% NCT for 0.5 to 3 h increased the permeability of the cell wall and membrane. Preincubation of the test fungi in 1.0% NCT for 10 to 60 min delayed the time to germination of conidia by 2 h to >12 h and reduced their germination rate by 10.0 to 100.0%. Larvae of Galleria mellonella infected with 1.0 ؋ 10 7 conidia of S. apiospermum and S. boydii died at a rate of 90.0 to 100% after 8 to 12 days. The mortality rate was reduced to 20 to 50.0% if conidia were preincubated in 1.0% NCT for 0.5 h or if heat-inactivated conidia were used. Our study demonstrates the fungicidal activity of NCT against different Scedosporium and Lomentospora species. A postantifungal effect connected with a loss of virulence occurs after sublethal incubation times. The augmenting effect of ammonium chloride can be explained by the formation of monochloramine.

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“…As a disinfectant, monochloramine is as effective as free chlorine for bacteria inactivation at a high dose or after prolonged contact time [32]. Jacangelo et al [33] found that at a concentration normally used for disinfection (2-20 mg/L), monochloramine did not severely affect the bacterial nucleic acid structure. The inactivation was mainly due to the inhibition of protein-associated biological processes, such as bacterial respiration, membrane transport and substrate dehydrogenation.…”

Section: Removal Through Ozonation and Chlorinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near Real-Time Flow Cytometry Monitoring of Bacterial and Viral Removal Efficiencies during Water Reclamation Processes

Huang

Zhao

Hernández

et al. 2016

Water

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Abstract:Wastewater reuse has become an important part of the urban water supply portfolio in water stressed regions. Effective wastewater treatment processes are critical to protect public health during water reuse practices. However, the microbial removal efficiencies in wastewater reclamation plants are not routinely monitored due to the lack of a simple quantification method. This study applied a near real-time flow cytometry (FCM) technique to quantify the removal of total bacteria and viruses at three wastewater reclamation plants in Southern California. The results showed that the activated sludge process removed 1-2 log 10 of bacteria but was not efficient at removing viruses. The membrane bioreactor process was capable of removing both bacteria and viruses with high efficiency. At the plant using chloramines as the main disinfectant, even though culturable total coliform bacteria were effectively reduced to the level meeting the California Title 22 Water Recycling Criteria (7-day median of 2.2 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL, and no more than one sample exceeds 23 MPN/100 mL), the disinfected final effluent still contained greater than 10 6 bacterial and 10 8 viral particles per mL in. In contrast, more than 4 log 10 removal of both bacteria and viruses were observed at the plant using free chlorine as the main disinfectant. The results indicate that additional microbial indicators are needed and suggest the potential use of FCM as a rapid monitoring tool for evaluation of microbial removal.

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Investigating the Mechanism of Inactivation of Escherichia coli B by Monochloramine

Cited by 57 publications

References 21 publications

Monochloramine Disinfection Kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea by Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR and Live/Dead BacLight Methods

Monochloramine Disinfection Kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea by Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR and Live/Dead BacLight Methods

N -Chlorotaurine Exhibits Fungicidal Activity against Therapy-Refractory Scedosporium Species and Lomentospora prolificans

Near Real-Time Flow Cytometry Monitoring of Bacterial and Viral Removal Efficiencies during Water Reclamation Processes

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