Investigating the overlapping presentation of irritable bowel syndrome and vulvodynia: a scoping review of the evidence and mechanisms

Abstract

Introduction Vulvodynia is a complex and multifactorial medical condition characterized by pain in the vulvar area without any identifiable cause. Vulvodynia is underdiagnosed, leading to increased risk of sexual dysfunction and reduced quality of life. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disorder predominantly affecting women. Vulvodynia and IBS frequently co-occur in women, with a 2- to 4-fold increased likelihood of IBS diagnosis in those with vulvodynia. These conditions may share underlying causes, highlighting the need for research to better understand their shared pathophysiology and develop effective therapeutics. Objective The aim of this scoping review was to assess the evidence of simultaneous presentation of IBS and vulvodynia. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in 6 databases between inception of database and August 2023: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. Studies included primary research about IBS and vulvodynia in terms of presentation overlap, diagnosis, or treatment. Data were extracted from eligible studies, summarized, and collated. Results Of the 306 unique articles identified, 33 were included in the final analysis: 20 cross-sectional studies, 4 case-control studies, 2 case reports, 4 cohort studies, 2 quasi-experimental studies, and 1 randomized trial. Common themes included a high prevalence of overlapping vulvodynia and IBS with a significant diagnostic delay in vulvodynia, mast cell involvement and visceral hypersensitization as common pathophysiology, and the need for a multimodal treatment. Conclusion Our review adds to the evidence that there is an association between vulvodynia and IBS. Despite this, research on the underlying molecular mechanisms of this association is scarce, and diagnostic delays persist for vulvodynia. Increasing awareness of the overlap of these conditions will improve screening for vulvodynia in the patient population with IBS, thereby improving the diagnostic delay, and understanding the pathophysiology will enable treatment strategies that address both conditions.