“…The most commonly used measurement metric is the arithmetic average, which is often used to re ect the general level or centralized trend of data. However, because higher and lower values offset one another, the average tends to mask or ignore the performance of individuals with higher or lower scores and sometimes cannot su ciently re ect the overall performance, which results in the deviation from or violation of the basic principles of educational equity (Brookover & Lezotte, 1981;Calvert, 2014;Dadon-Golan, BenDavid-Hadar, & Klein, 2019;Hansen, 2018;Kyriakides & Creemers, 2017;Schleicher & Zoido, 2016). In addition, the classi cation of scores (such as the classi cation into excellent, good, medium, quali ed and unquali ed) is also a common method.…”