Investigating the relationships between boredom proneness, paranoia, and self-consciousness

Gemmingen, Mitchell J von; Sullivan, Bryce F.; Pomerantz, Andrew M.

doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00219-7

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, overall mean levels of EA for both motivated and unmotivated women were still higher than mean levels of EA for either motivated or unmotivated men. Although the results of past research have not been consistent, there is some evidence of men having higher levels of suspiciousness and paranoia (e.g., American Psychiatric Association, 1994;Millon & Davis, 1996;Sperry, 1996;von Gemmingen, Sullivan, & Pomerantz, 2003). That women tend to have higher levels of EA and possibly also lower levels of suspiciousness/paranoia, suggests the possibility that low levels of EA may play a role in the development of suspiciousness and paranoia.…”

Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 98%

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Boden

Berenbaum

2007

Cognition & Emotion

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We investigated the causal relation between emotional awareness (EA) and suspiciousness, and whether this relation is moderated by gender. After inducing an unpleasant mood, we manipulated EA by having participants read one of two versions of a story (the high EA condition provided cues to what the participant was feeling and why, whereas the low EA condition did not). Following the manipulation, one sample of participants completed a measure of suspiciousness, and a second, independent sample of participants described their emotional state. Emotional Awareness Condition × Gender effects were obtained for suspiciousness and EA. Men in the low EA condition reported significantly higher levels of suspiciousness and lower levels of EA than men in the high EA condition. Women in both conditions reported equally high levels of EA, which were greater than those of men in both conditions, and the manipulation did not affect their levels of suspiciousness.There is broad consensus that emotions directly affect judgment, decision making, and information processing (Clore, Gasper, & Garvin, 2001;Gasper & Clore, 2000;Kahneman & Ritov, 1994;Lowenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001). Thus, it should come as no surprise that theorists have long posited a relation between emotions and delusional and peculiar beliefs (e.g., Kraepelin, 1899Kraepelin, /1989. In fact, unpleasant emotions are primary components of several contemporary models of delusions, including persecutory delusions (e.g., Freeman, Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, & Bebbington, 2002;Zigler & Glick, 1988). In support of these theories and models, empirical research examining clinical populations has found a relation between persecutory delusions and unpleasant emotions such as depression, fear, worry, and anger (e.g., Freeman & Garety, 1999;Kennedy, Kemp, & Dyer, 1992). Similarly, several studies conducted with non-clinical populations have also found a relation between suspiciousness (which we distinguish from paranoia as being of less than delusional severity), and unpleasant emotions, such as general unhappiness, depression, anger, and social anxiety (e.g., Martin & Penn, 2001;Rawlings & Freeman, 1996).That there is an association between suspiciousness/paranoia and increased levels of unpleasant affect is not in doubt. However, the experience of unpleasant affect may be only one of several facets of emotional experience that contribute to the development and maintenance of suspiciousness/paranoia. Models of paranoia have typically focused on excesses of unpleasant affect as a causal factor. We posit that emotional awareness (EA) is a second facet of emotional © 2007 Psychology PressCorrespondence should be addressed to: M. Tyler Boden, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61821, USA. mboden@s.psych.uiuc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study pu...

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Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 98%

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Boden

Berenbaum

2007

Cognition & Emotion

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“…Overall, it was discovered that self-attention was causally related to feelings of being watched; it was postulated that the awareness of oneself as an object of attention leaves people susceptible to the idea that other people are more interested in the self than is actually the case. More recently, it has been found that individuals who exhibit mild levels of paranoia are prone to inflated levels of both private and public selfconsciousness (von Gemmingen, Sullivan, & Pomerantz, 2003). The relationship between paranoia and private self-consciousness was unexpected but it is thought that such self-reflection may lead people to misconstrue and exaggerate any imagined or identified imperfections.…”

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confidence: 99%

The subjective experience of paranoia: Comparing the experiences of patients with psychosis and individuals with no psychiatric history

Campbell

Morrison

2007

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Over the last decade, significant theoretical developments in psychological approaches to paranoia have taken place. Despite this, no published research has examined the subjective experience of paranoia. The present study aimed to do this. 12 people took part; six of whom had received a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and six had never received a psychiatric diagnosis but had experienced paranoid thoughts. Participants were interviewed and the data were then transcribed and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Four superordinate themes were identified: (1) the phenomena; (2) beliefs about paranoia; (3) factors that influence paranoia; and (4) the consequences of paranoia. Within each theme, similarities and differences between the groups were highlighted. All participants believed that negative life experiences had influenced their paranoid ideas and all experienced anxiety. However, the most striking difference concerned the issue of control; the patient group felt controlled by their ideas whereas the non-patients did not. (Claridge, 2002;Krabbendam, Myin-Germeys, & van Os, 2004;van Os, Hanssen, Bijl, & Ravelli, 2000). There is strong epidemiological evidence to suggest that delusional beliefs are held by individuals in the general population; between 8.7 and 20% of the community have been found to endorse delusional beliefs despite having no psychiatric history (Poulton et al., 2000;van Os et al., 2000 (Beck & Rector, 2002;Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001;Morrison, 2001). In particular, Morrison (2001) emphasizes the importance of appraisal in the development and maintenance of delusional beliefs. For instance, negative beliefs about paranoia, the self and the world are thought to be developed in response to trauma and are predicted to mediate the distress experienced in relation to psychotic phenomena. Morrison (2001) also suggests that positive beliefs about delusions are implicated in the development and maintenance of paranoia. For instance, beliefs such as 'in the past paranoia has aided my survival' increase the likelihood that an individual will use paranoia as a coping strategy to manage perceived threat. Individuals who hold such positive beliefs may activate paranoia by using illicit substances or by simply attending to such thoughts when they arise.Recently, there have been a growing number of research studies into the occurrence of persecutory beliefs in non-clinical samples. This approach dates back to Fenigstein and Vanable (1992), who examined the relationship between self-consciousness and paranoia in three studies involving undergraduate students. Overall, it was discovered that self-attention was causally related to feelings of being watched; it was postulated that the awareness of oneself as an object of attention leaves people susceptible to the idea that other people are more interested in the self than is actually the case. More recently, it has been found that individuals who exhibit mild levels of paranoia are prone to infla...

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“…Boredom has been accompanied by a constellation of negative emotions such as sadness, depressive feelings, emptiness, hopelessness, meaninglessness, lethargy, feeling trapped, restlessness, frustration, anxiety, worry, anger (von Gemmingen et al 2003;Culp 2006;Martin et al 2006). Hill and Perkins (1985) suggested that boredom is an affective experience which is associated with the cognitive-attentional processes.…”

Section: Components Of Boredom Affective Components Of Boredommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Narcissism has been found to be correlated with boredom, especially covert narcissism, which is characterized by the minimal motivation to excel, and which is related to depressive thoughts and feeling of inferiority that masks grandiosity (von Gemmingen et al 2003). Wink and Donahue (1997) claim that boredom is a mismatch one's inner ambitions (ideal self) and one's current goals (actual self).…”

Section: Personality and Boredommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These have associated boredom with numerous negative outcomes such as psychological symptoms-depression, anxiety, obsessions, somatization, and interpersonal sensitivity (Sommers & Vodanovich 2000), paranoia and heightened private self-consciousness and negative self-awareness (von Gemmingen, Sullivan & Pomerantz 2003), negative personality traits (Vodanovich et al 1991), juvenile delinquency (Newberry & Duncan 2001), drug use (Anshel 1991;Iso-Ahola & Crowley 1991), sensation seeking, aggression, unsafe driving behavior and impulsiveness (Dahlen, Martin, Ragan, & Kuhlman 2004, procrastination (Blunt & Pychyl 1998;Vodanovich & Rupp 1999), decreased academic achievement (Mann & Robinson 2009), truancy, drop out and job dissatisfaction (Eastwood et al 2007) and relational dissatisfaction (Harasymchuk & Fehr 2010), loneliness, depression and general dissatisfaction with life (Farmer & Sundberg 1986) and even death (Britton & Shipley 2010). For instance, in an academic environment feeling bored negatively influences motivation, cognitive resources, the learning process and achievement outcomes (Preckel, Götz & Frenzel 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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On The Nature of Boredom

Dursun¹

2016

MJH

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Boredom is very common experience and has to date been accompanied by numerous negative psychological, social, academic, occupational and interpersonal problems. Boredom which is a highly complex and multidimensional concept has been conceptualized differently within different paradigms throughout the ages. However, in modern psychology literature, some theorists define it as the opposite feeling to interest and an aversive negative feeling derived from low arousal or from monotonous situational factors (Mikulas &Vodanovich 1993); while some theorists define it as a personality trait or a disposition-proneness to boredom-which refers to the fact that some individuals tend to experience greater boredom than others (Farmer & Sundberg 1986;Vodanovich, Verner, & Gilbride 1991). There are also cognitive, behavioral and psychophysiological components of boredom and recently some individual or personality factors have been found to be associated with boredom. Boredom could also influence the quality of rapport in the psychotherapeutic process and could lead to early termination if it has not been seriously treated. The aim of this paper is to provide a general review of the components and correlates of boredom on the basis of recent studies.

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Investigating the relationships between boredom proneness, paranoia, and self-consciousness

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

The subjective experience of paranoia: Comparing the experiences of patients with psychosis and individuals with no psychiatric history

On The Nature of Boredom

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