Investigating the role of aliphatic olefins in fouling of thermally cracked bitumen by testing fouling tendency of model aliphatic olefin compounds in light fractions

Ali, Mohamed; Xing, Tingyong; Alem, Teclemariam; Chen, Jinwen

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130518

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 27 publications

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“…The ability to gain information is limited due to the complex nature of the feedstocks that can contain more than a million different chemical compounds [12], and additionally, due to the Energies 2024, 17, 1299 2 of 12 various reaction pathways (e.g., autoxidation, polymerization, and thermal decomposition) involved in fouling [13,14]. In addition, parameters such as temperature, pressure, the presence of water, or the presence of certain precursors can have a significant impact on the fouling rate [15][16][17][18][19]. Understanding the chemical composition of crude oil on a molecular level is the key to solving this problem [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Behavior of Hydrocarbons during Crude Oil Fouling by High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Kondyli,

Schrader

2024

Energies

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Crude oil is probably the most complex natural chemical mixture processed in various ways to make fuel and fine chemicals among a wide range of products in industrial processing. The conditions of those industrial processes often include high temperatures, which often cause undesired chemical reactions. One of those reaction sequences is crude oil fouling, which finally results in the formation of undesired solid deposits of carbon material, a calamity that costs millions of dollars worldwide each year and produces toxic waste. However, the compounds involved in fouling, let alone the underlying reaction mechanisms, are not understood to date. Here, in order to investigate chemical fouling, the process was simulated under laboratory conditions, focusing on hydrocarbons as the main constituents of crude oil. The results demonstrate large differences within the hydrocarbon class of compounds before and after thermal treatment, even for a very light crude oil fraction, which initially does not contain any bigger or heavier compounds. Here, the fouling reaction is simulated and studied on the molecular level using high-resolution mass spectrometry. After thermal treatment, new, higher molecular weight hydrocarbon compounds with high aromaticity were detected. Results indicate that a radical reaction leads to the formation of larger and more aromatic compounds. The findings were verified by the use of a model hydrocarbon compound to study the mechanism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Behavior of Hydrocarbons during Crude Oil Fouling by High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Kondyli,

Schrader

2024

Energies

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Sustainable aviation fuel: Impact of alkene concentration on jet fuel thermal oxidative test (JFTOT)

Pereira,

Halmenschlager,

de Klerk

2024

Energy Science & Engineering

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Of the processes that are approved to produce synthetic kerosene for use in jet fuel, about half produce olefinic kerosene that is hydrotreated. The alkene concentration in synthetic kerosene is indirectly regulated through the thermal oxidative stability specification. Perceptions about the deleterious influence of alkenes on thermal oxidative stability suggest that olefinic kerosene must be deeply hydrogenated. The extent of olefin saturation required has economic implications. To evaluate what an acceptable alkene concentration in synthetic kerosene is, the impact of alkene concentration on the outcome of the jet fuel thermal oxidative stability test (JFTOT) performed at 325°C in accordance with the ASTM D3241 standard test method was experimentally evaluated. Model synthetic kerosene mixtures to which different concentrations of alkenes (1‐decene, α‐methylstyrene, indene) were added, as well as control samples were studied. In the concentration range investigated, up to 10 wt% 1‐decene, 5 wt% α‐methylstyrene, and 2 wt% indene did not lead to increased fouling in the JFTOT. Fouling passed through a minimum value with increasing alkene concentration and alkene concentration on its own was a poor predictor of thermal oxidative stability. Analysis of the kerosene collected after passing through the JFTOT found measurable changes in density and refractive index. Dissolved oxygen reacting during thermal oxidative stability testing was accounted for mostly in oxygen‐containing products in the kerosene boiling range, which indicated that the heavier products were mainly hydrocarbon in nature. In addition to initiation by autoxidation, the investigation also pointed to the existence of a second thermally initiated fouling pathway that does not require the presence of oxygen.

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Investigating the role of aliphatic olefins in fouling of thermally cracked bitumen by testing fouling tendency of model aliphatic olefin compounds in light fractions

Cited by 2 publications

References 27 publications

Investigation of the Behavior of Hydrocarbons during Crude Oil Fouling by High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Investigation of the Behavior of Hydrocarbons during Crude Oil Fouling by High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sustainable aviation fuel: Impact of alkene concentration on jet fuel thermal oxidative test (JFTOT)

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