Investigating unmetabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in adolescents' urine as biomarkers of environmental exposure

Craemer, Sam De; Croes, Kim; Larebeke, N. Van; Sioen, Isabelle; Schoeters, Greet; Loots, Ilse; Nawrot, Tim S.; Nelen, Vera; Campo, Laura; Fustinoni, Silvia; Baeyens, Willy

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.017

Cited by 46 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Urinary PAHs, except U-BaA, were quantifiable in the large majority of samples, even though median levels of all analytes were very low (ng/L order of magnitude). Not so many studies reported the measurement of urinary PAHs in the general population: the levels here found were similar or lower than those reported for adults in the town of Modena [ 31 ] and in a small group of adolescents participating in the Flemish Environment and Health Study [ 32 ], and much lower than those of non-smoking adults living in an industrial polluted area in Poland [ 33 ]. Altogether, PAH biomarkers measured in this study are indicative of very low PAH exposure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults

Campo

Polledri

Bechtold³

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Active smoking is associated with increased body burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); the aim of this study was to assess whether environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) increases the internal dose of PAHs. In 344 nonsmoking Italian adults, out of 497 individuals selected as representative of the population of the town of Modena, ETS exposure was evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire and by the measurement of urinary cotinine (COT-U). PAH exposure was assessed by the measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) and of ten urinary PAHs. In all subjects, median (5th–95th percentile) COT-U was 0.47 (<0.1–3.91) µg/L. While 58 subjects reported to be ETS exposed (ETSQUEST), 38 individuals were identified as ETS exposed on the basis of a COT-U value of 1.78 (90% confidence interval 1.75–1.80) µg/L, previously derived as an upper reference value in not ETS exposed Italian adults (ETSCOT). Median COT-U levels were 1.38 (<0.1–9.06) and 3.63 (1.80–17.39) µg/L in ETSQUEST and in ETSCOT subjects, respectively. Significant correlations between COT-U and 1-OHPYR, and urinary anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene were found among all subjects. Significantly higher levels of 1-OHPYR, and urinary fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene were found in ETSCOT individuals. The results of multiple linear regression analyses, taking into consideration diet and other sources of PAHs exposures such as the residence area/characteristics and traffic, confirmed that 1-OHPYR and urinary fluorene were affected by ETS exposure, even if ETS played a minor role.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults

Campo

Polledri

Bechtold³

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…Radioactive‐labelling studies established that inhaled ultrafine carbon particles could then be recovered in the blood . Advances in bioanalytical methods have now revealed that PAHs and their metabolites can be found in the blood of adults, children and neonates, as well as in urine and maternal milk . Thus, subjects of all ages and all types of organs can be exposed to pollutants.…”

Section: Pollutant Levels In the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of airborne pollution on skin

Araviiskaia

Berardesca

Bieber

et al. 2019

Acad Dermatol Venereol

156

126

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Indoor and outdoor airborne pollutants modify our environment and represent a growing threat to human health worldwide. Airborne pollution effects on respiratory and cardiac health and diseases have been well established, but its impact on skin remains poorly described. Nonetheless, the skin is one of the main targets of pollutants, which reach the superficial and deeper skin layers by transcutaneous and systemic routes. In this review, we report the outcomes of basic and clinical research studies monitoring pollutant levels in human tissues including the skin and hair. We present a current understanding of the biochemical and biophysical effects of pollutants on skin metabolism, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress, with a focus on polyaromatic hydrocarbons and ground‐level ozone that are widespread outdoor pollutants whose effects are mostly studied. We reviewed the literature to report the clinical effects of pollutants on skin health and skin ageing and their impact on some chronic inflammatory skin diseases. We also discuss the potential interactions of airborne pollutants with either ultraviolet radiation or human skin microbiota and their specific impact on skin health.

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“…Data and sample collection. The use of questionnaires and sampling has been described elsewhere 82 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding predicts blood mitochondrial DNA content in adolescents

Cosemans

Nawrot

Janssen

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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nutrition during early childhood is linked to metabolic programming. We hypothesized that breastfeeding has long-term consequences on the energy metabolism exemplified by mitochondrial DnA (mtDnA). As part of the third cycle of the flemish environment and Health Study (fLeHSiii) cohort, 303 adolescents aged 14-15 years were included. We associated breastfeeding and blood mtDNA content 14-15 years later while adjusting for confounding variables. Compared with nonbreastfed adolescents, mtDNA content was 23.1% (95%CI: 4.4-45.2; p = 0.013) higher in breastfed adolescents. Being breastfed for 1-10 weeks, 11-20 weeks, and >20 weeks, was associated with a higher mtDNA content of respectively 16.0% (95%CI: −7.1-44.9; p = 0.191), 23.5% (95%CI: 0.8-51.3; p = 0.042), and 31.5% (95%CI: 4.3-65.7; p = 0.021). Our study showed a positive association between breastfeeding and mtDnA content in adolescents which gradually increased with longer periods of breastfeeding. Higher mtDNA content may be an underlying mechanism of the beneficial effects of breastfeeding on children's metabolism. Exclusive breastfeeding (i.e. not formula-feeding) for six months is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for optimal growth, development, and health of the child 1. Breast milk is known to have many benefits for the child's health, like strengthening their immune system and it has a positive effect on brain development and cognitive function. Studies on the effect of breastfeeding stated a decline in infection rates in childhood 2 , an improvement in white matter development 3 , a better psychomotor development during the first year of life 4 , and higher cognitive development scores 5. Breastfeeding may, in addition, be associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus 6 and has a protective effect against obesity 7. The potential mechanisms through which breastfeeding can have positive effects on children's development may be due to the composition of breast milk (i.e. presence of nutrients and absence of preservatives), the optimal supply of breast milk, or the improved bond between mothers and their child 8. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms through which breastfeeding exerts its positive effects are still unknown. Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for energy production by producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a substrate required for metabolism. Every cell contains various mitochondria, each with multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 9. Decreased mitochondrial function can cause impaired cellular functions and give rise to a variety of human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases 10 , cancer 11 , diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome 12,13 , autoimmune diseases 14,15 , and neurodegenerative and-behavioral diseases 16-18. In addition, placental mtDNA content was positively associated with neurocognition in children 19. Impaired mitochondrial function also plays a role in obesity-related 7 and cardiovascular diseases 20. Mitochondrial function can be altered by environme...

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Investigating unmetabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in adolescents' urine as biomarkers of environmental exposure

Cited by 46 publications

References 51 publications

ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults

ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults

The impact of airborne pollution on skin

Breastfeeding predicts blood mitochondrial DNA content in adolescents

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