Investigation into the determination of trimethylarsine in natural gas and its partitioning into gas and condensate phases using (cryotrapping)/gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and liquid/solid sorption techniques

Arsenic release to the environment from hydrocarbon production, storage, transportation, use and waste management

“…There are several approaches for separation, which often include use of solvents, hot water extractions (Jacobs and Filby, 1983) or acid digestions (Bicalho et al, 2017). Extracting volatile As species from natural gas is particularly challenging (Puri and Irgolic, 1989;Delgado-Morales et al, 1994b;Krupp et al, 2007;Xu et al, 2015;Cachia et al, 2017). Extraction methods include use of adsorption tubes or solutions (silver nitrate or nitric acid) to take up the volatile species such as trimethylarsine (TMA) from natural gas prior to analysis.…”

A method for direct, semi-quantitative analysis of gas phase samples using gas chromatography–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

“…ICP-MS calibration and test methods have been developed and applied over years of investigations of liquid and solid phase samples [14,[16][17][18][19][20][21][38][39][40][41]. These methods include EPA Method 6020A and EPA Compendium Method IO-3.5, which describe calibration, standardization, test protocol, data analysis, and quality control procedures.…”

“…Traditionally, the coupling of gas chromatography (GC) to ICP-MS (GC-ICP-MS) facilitates chromatographic separation of analyte compounds in sufficiently volatile liquid matrices. GC-ICP-MS instrumentation is selective and sensitive [3,4] over a wide linear dynamic range [13,14] and has been demonstrated as a robust analytical tool for detection of organometallic species [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Unfortunately, the presently available literature pertinent to GC-ICP-MS describes calibrations and analyses that are valid principally for liquid phase analyte injection [2][3][4][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], though some limited research has been completed for gas phase samples [13,31].…”

Solid Particles in Natural Gas from a Transportation Network: A Chemical Composition Study

“…These specifications ensure high quality gas for combustion but are also essential to prevent damage to facilities and protect consumer health. However, studies have revealed the presence of arsenic compounds, mercury and other metals/metalloids in natural gas from different origins at very low concentrations ranging from 10 −1 to 10 3 µg/m 3 [6][7][8][9][10][11]. These elements have well-known risks and potentially can cause industrial damage, such as through corrosion or catalytic poisoning.…”