Investigation into the Gaseous SO2 Attack on Sandstone in the Yungang Grottoes

Abstract

The Yungang Grottoes, with over 1500 years of history, have been subjected to air pollution since the last century. Field investigations have indicated that acid gases, particularly sulfur dioxide (SO2), have accumulated on the surface of the sculptures and caused various types of decay that reduce their artistic value. To shed new light on the gas–stone interaction process, artificially accelerated weathering was performed on local sandstone in the laboratory. In a specially developed test device, fresh specimens were exposed to gaseous SO2 under different relative humidity and temperature conditions. The physical, mineralogical, and chemical changes of Yungang sandstone were evaluated conjointly using destructive and non-destructive methods. The results show that after weathering, the luminosity of all specimens changed, with a slight alteration in hue toward yellow. The weight increased to various degrees during the aging cycles, which depended on both the accumulation of matter and the detachment of particles. Higher relative humidity and cyclic temperature fluctuations favored the dissolution of carbonates and the hydrolysis of feldspar in sandstone. The concentration of ions, especially dissolved Ca2+ and SO42-, increased considerably over time in the near-surface region of the specimens. A trace of newly formed gypsum was detected in some specimens at the end of the test. Knowing the synergistic impact of different climatic variables will make it possible to identify the mechanisms of the deterioration of sandstone in complex environments.

The Impact of Air Pollution on Stone Materials

“…In these rocks, calcium is released from minerals, such as plagioclase, if they undergo weathering, such as acid leaching. In some cases, the lack of a significant intrinsic calcium and sulfur source for the formation of the gypsum crusts suggests an external source of calcium ions, e.g., pollution, mortars, and neighboring carbonate stones [45][46][47][48][49]. Other authors suggested that Ca 2+ may come from the hydrolysis processes of plagioclase mineral grains under acid environments [50].…”