Investigation of bacterial-mineral interactions using Fluid Tapping Mode™ Atomic Force Microscopy

Grantham, Meg C.; Dove, Patricia M.

doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00155-x

Cited by 57 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This may be achieved with little surface preparation and in a process relevant environment. It has been used to give some very detailed images of biological specimens including bacterial cells (Grantham and Dove, 1996) and fungal spores. During imaging, a sharp tip is held in contact with a surface by an applied normal force and systematically scanned across an area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The measurement of Bacillus mycoides spore adhesion using atomic force microscopy, simple counting methods, and a spinning disk technique

Bowen

Fenton

Lovitt

et al. 2002

Biotech & Bioengineering

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An atomic force microscope has been used to study the adhesion of Bacillus mycoides spores to a hydrophilic glass surface and a hydrophobic-coated glass surface. AFM images of spores attached to the hydrophobic-coated mica surface allowed the measurement of spore dimensions in an aqueous environment without desiccation. The spore exosporium was observed to be flexible and to promote the adhesion of the spore by increasing the area of spore contact with the surface. Results from counting procedures using light microscopy matched the density of spores observed on the hydrophobic-coated glass surface with AFM. However, no spores were observed on the hydrophilic glass surface with AFM, a consequence of the weaker adhesion of the spores at this surface. AFM was also used to quantify directly the interactions of B. mycoides spores at the two surfaces in an aqueous environment. The measurements used "spore probes" constructed by immobilizing a single spore at the apex of a tipless AFM cantilever. The data showed that stretching and sequential bond breaking occurred as the spores were retracted from the hydrophilic glass surface. The greatest spore adhesion was measured at the hydrophobic-coated glass surface. An attractive force on the spores was measured as the spores approached the hydrophobic-coated surface. At the hydrophilic glass surface, only repulsive forces were measured during the approach of the spores. The AFM force measurements were in qualitative agreement with the results of a hydrodynamic shear adhesion assay that used a spinning disk technique. Quantitatively, AFM measurements of adhesive force were up to 4 x 10(3) times larger than the estimates made using the spinning disk data. This is a consequence of the different types of forces applied to the spore in the different adhesion assays. AFM has provided some unique insights into the interactions of spores with surfaces. No other instrument can make such direct measurements for single microbiological cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The measurement of Bacillus mycoides spore adhesion using atomic force microscopy, simple counting methods, and a spinning disk technique

Bowen

Fenton

Lovitt

et al. 2002

Biotech & Bioengineering

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“…One great strength of AFM is that it characterizes surface microtopography directly in solution. Thus it can track the progress of reactions such as mineral growth, dissolution, and heterogeneous precipitation as they occur (Drake et al, 1989;Hillner et al, 1992;Dove and Hochella, 1993;Bosbach and Rammensee, 1994;Dove and Chermak, 1994;Junta and Hochella, 1994;Bosbach et al, 1995;Putnis et al, 1995;Grantham and Dove, 1996;Liang et al, 1996;Junta-Rosso et al, 1997). However, none of the above real-time, in situ studies involved clay minerals because the standard sample preparation techniques used to fix clay particles for AFM characterization in air are inadequate for fluid-cell applications (Dove and Chermak, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for Performing Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of Clay Minerals in Aqueous Solutions

Bickmore

Hochella

Bosbach

et al. 1999

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--Three methods were developed that allow for the imaging of any clay mineral in aqueous solutions with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The methods involve fixing the particles onto special substrates that do not complicate the imaging process, but hold the particles sufficiently so that they do not move laterally or float away during imaging. Two techniques depend on electrostatic attraction under circumneutral pH conditions, between the negatively charged clay particles and the high point of zero charge substrate (either aluminum oxide or polyethyleneimine-coated mica) whereas the third technique depends on adhesion to a thermoplastic film. The first electrostatic technique involves a polished single crystal a-AlaO 3 (sapphire) substrate. This was used successfully as a substrate for clay-sized minerals with high permanent layer charge localized on the basal planes (phlogopite and vermiculite) and when the AFM was operated in TappingMode to limit the lateral forces between the probe tip and the particles. However, electrostatic attraction between the sapphire surface and clay minerals such as smectite and kaolinite (low or no permanent layer charge) is not sufficiently strong to adequately fix the particles for imaging, The second electrostatic technique involves a polyethyleneimine-coated mica surface designed to immobilize a larger variety of clay minerals (phlogopite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite), and in this technique weak bonding between the clay and the organic film is also a factor. The third technique, which does not depend on electrostatic attraction, fixes clay particles into the surface of a thermoplastic adhesive called Tempfix. This has proven useful for fixing and imaging relatively large clay particles with well-defined morphology. The Tempfix mount also requires imaging in TappingMode because the Tempfix is relatively soft.

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“…Also, the surface material is not pulled sideways by shear forces, since the applied force is always vertical (Digital Instruments 1993;Grantham and Dove 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TMAFM is a technique developed by Digital Instruments in 1992, and has been recently used to obtain high resolution topographic images of soft and fragile samples in both air (Umemura et al 1993;Zhong et al 1993;Gref et al 1994;Huber et al 1994) and liquids (Putman et al 1994;Radmacher et al 1994;Hansma et al 1995;Grantham and Dove 1996). TMAFM is operated by oscillating the cantilever assembly at or near the cantilever's resonant frequency using a piezoelectric crystal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Microtopography of Lath-Shaped Hydrothermal Illite by Tapping-Mode™ and Contact-Mode AFM

Kuwahara

Uehara

Aoki

1998

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--Lath-shaped hydrothermal illite particles in Izumiyama pottery stone were examined by contact-mode atomic force microscopy (CMAFM) and tapping-mode AFM (TMAFM) in air. With CMAFM, the lath-shaped particles showed interlacing patterns on the (001) surface in deflection images, while in height images such patterns were unclear. Also, evidence of artifacts caused by frictional forces between the surface and tip and/or edge effects were found in the CMAFM height images of the particle and Si substrate surfaces. In contrast, TMAFM showed interlacing patterns clearly in both amplitude and height images, and artifacts were barely evident. The TMAFM height images permitted the accurate measurement of 1.0-or 2.0-nm height steps corresponding to single or double mica layers, as well.Many lath-shaped particles in the Izumiyama hydrothermal illite exhibit interlacing patterns on their (001) surface, as shown by these AFM observations. The interlacing patterns are characterized by polygonal spirals with comparatively wide spacings and steps having a height of 1.0 or 2.0 nm. Generally a single lath-shaped particle has a single spiral center on the (001) surface, and 2 mica layers rotated 120 ~ originate from the dislocation point. These support the view that lath-shaped illites belong to the 2M~ polytype. It is likely that these illite particles were formed by a uniform process of development that is characterized by very slow growth, spiral mechanisms in that growth and low supersaturation conditions.

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Investigation of bacterial-mineral interactions using Fluid Tapping Mode™ Atomic Force Microscopy

Cited by 57 publications

References 35 publications

The measurement of Bacillus mycoides spore adhesion using atomic force microscopy, simple counting methods, and a spinning disk technique

The measurement of Bacillus mycoides spore adhesion using atomic force microscopy, simple counting methods, and a spinning disk technique

Methods for Performing Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of Clay Minerals in Aqueous Solutions

Surface Microtopography of Lath-Shaped Hydrothermal Illite by Tapping-Mode™ and Contact-Mode AFM

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