“…Conversely, others propose that cracks enhance permeability to oxygen, chloride, sulfate, and water, thereby hastening corrosion in both steel and concrete, and diminishing the structure's rigidity and strength [1,3]. The effect of cracks on concrete structures is also associated with several factors such as the quality of concrete, thickness of the cover, environmental exposure, and load-bearing characteristics [3,44]. However, this study does not delve into various theories for determining crack width [28][45] [46], the impact of additional factors on crack propagation (such as concrete expansion and steel rust) [19], the implications of loading patterns on structures, and newly identified aspects related to the behavior of concrete with nonlinear properties not addressed by existing design standards [27,31].…”