“…9 ). The use of excessive catalyst will cause the formation of slurry so that inhibit the formation of biodiesel thereby it attained the saturation 27 , 38 . Figure 9 Effect of catalyst loading in biodiesel yield Experimental conditions: the reaction was run at molar ratio of 1:9, reaction time 120-min, and reaction temperature of 60 °C with varying catalyst load.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…9). The use of excessive catalyst will cause the formation of slurry so that inhibit the formation of biodiesel thereby it attained the saturation 27,38 .…”
Section: Effect Of Catalyst: Oil Ratio On Yieldmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Langmuir Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson model On their publication, Yang et al 38 established a generic rate equation that is grounded in the LHHW mechanism. This rate equation is derived with the presumption that the alcohol and adsorbed triglyceride surface reaction is the step that determines the rate 39 .…”
Recent years have seen an increase in research on biodiesel, an environmentally benign and renewable fuel alternative for traditional fossil fuels. Biodiesel might become more cost-effective and competitive with diesel if a solid heterogeneous catalyst is used in its production. One way to make biodiesel more affordable and competitive with diesel is to employ a solid heterogeneous catalyst in its manufacturing. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the researchers in this study proved their hypothesis that iron oxide core–shell nanoparticles were generated during the green synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) from Camellia Sinensis leaves. The fabrication of spherical iron nanoparticles was successfully confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a heterogeneous catalyst, the synthesised catalyst has shown potential in facilitating the conversion of algae oil into biodiesel. With the optimal parameters (0.5 weight percent catalytic load, 1:6 oil—methanol ratio, 60 °C reaction temperature, and 1 h and 30 min reaction duration), a 93.33% yield was attained. This may be due to its acid–base property, chemical stability, stronger metal support interaction. Furthermore, the catalyst was employed for transesterification reactions five times after regeneration with n-hexane washing followed by calcination at 650 °C for 3 h.
“…9 ). The use of excessive catalyst will cause the formation of slurry so that inhibit the formation of biodiesel thereby it attained the saturation 27 , 38 . Figure 9 Effect of catalyst loading in biodiesel yield Experimental conditions: the reaction was run at molar ratio of 1:9, reaction time 120-min, and reaction temperature of 60 °C with varying catalyst load.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…9). The use of excessive catalyst will cause the formation of slurry so that inhibit the formation of biodiesel thereby it attained the saturation 27,38 .…”
Section: Effect Of Catalyst: Oil Ratio On Yieldmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Langmuir Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson model On their publication, Yang et al 38 established a generic rate equation that is grounded in the LHHW mechanism. This rate equation is derived with the presumption that the alcohol and adsorbed triglyceride surface reaction is the step that determines the rate 39 .…”
Recent years have seen an increase in research on biodiesel, an environmentally benign and renewable fuel alternative for traditional fossil fuels. Biodiesel might become more cost-effective and competitive with diesel if a solid heterogeneous catalyst is used in its production. One way to make biodiesel more affordable and competitive with diesel is to employ a solid heterogeneous catalyst in its manufacturing. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the researchers in this study proved their hypothesis that iron oxide core–shell nanoparticles were generated during the green synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) from Camellia Sinensis leaves. The fabrication of spherical iron nanoparticles was successfully confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a heterogeneous catalyst, the synthesised catalyst has shown potential in facilitating the conversion of algae oil into biodiesel. With the optimal parameters (0.5 weight percent catalytic load, 1:6 oil—methanol ratio, 60 °C reaction temperature, and 1 h and 30 min reaction duration), a 93.33% yield was attained. This may be due to its acid–base property, chemical stability, stronger metal support interaction. Furthermore, the catalyst was employed for transesterification reactions five times after regeneration with n-hexane washing followed by calcination at 650 °C for 3 h.
“…The yield of goat manure pyrolysis at 500 °C is 48.66 % GMBC, 35 % GMBO and 16.34 % biogas [18]. The HHV value of the Azolla plant is 16.13 MJ/kg [19]. GMBC's HHV value is 13.6 MJ/kg [20].…”
Section: Literature Review and Problem Statementmentioning
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a method of cracking vegetable oils into simpler fractions and green fuel oils. One component of the FCC system is the FCC furnace. The FCC furnace is where the combustion process occurs and provides high heat transfer throughout the FCC system, especially for heating the reactor. The reactor temperature is the catalyst cracking temperature. The cracking temperature of the catalyst depends on the feed oil used in the cracking process, such as crude palm oil at 450‒550 °C or crude bio-oil at 300 °C. The fuel for heating an FCC furnace is usually coal. To reduce coal, we use a mixture of Azolla microphylla biomass with biochar and bio-oil from goat manure. The aim of this study was to analyze the mixture of Azolla microphylla biomass with biochar and bio-oil from goat manure to obtain sufficient furnace temperature to heat the FCC reactor, perform analytical calculations to obtain the volume of flue gas formed from the combustion reaction. We conducted two experiments; the first experiment used a mixture of 1 kg of Goat Manure Biochar (GMBC) with 0.5 kg of Azolla microphylla and the second experiment used a mixture of one kg of GMBC with 0.5 kg of Azolla microphylla plus 300 ml of Goat Manure Bio-oil (GMBO). A fuel mixture of one kilogram GMBC with 0.5 kg Azolla is not effective in combustion because the maximum temperature in the furnace is 177 °C but the fuel mixture of one kg GMBC, 0.5 kg Azolla and 300 ml GMBO has a furnace temperature of 472.75 °C, which can heat the stripper up to 313.25 °C so that cracking can occur in the raw bio-oil. Analysis of combustion results showed an increase in total CO2 volume from experiment one and experiment two of 0.966
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