Investigation of characteristics and factors associated with avian mycobacteriosis in zoo birds

Abstract

Abstract. The objective of the current study was to identify factors associated with avian mycobacteriosis in zoo birds. Inventory data, population health records, and necropsy data from eligible birds in the Zoological Society of San Diego's (ZSSD) collection from 1991-2005 (n 5 13,976) were used to describe disease incidence, prevalence, and postmortem findings. A matched case-control study was then conducted to identify factors describing demographic, temporal, and enclosure characteristics, along with move and exposure histories. Cases (disease-positive birds; n 5 167) were matched in a 1:7 ratio with controls (diseasenegative birds; n 5 1169) of similar age and taxonomic grouping. Potential risk factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Disease prevalence and incidence were estimated for the study period at 1.2% and 3 cases/(1,000 bird-years at risk), respectively. Lesion characteristics and order prevalence are described. In the multivariable model, case birds were more likely to have been previously housed with a bird with mycobacterial disease involving the intestinal tract (odds ratio [OR] 5 5.6, P , 0.01) or involving only nonintestinal sites (OR 5 2.0, P , 0.01). Cases were more likely to have been imported into the collection than hatched at the ZSSD (OR 5 4.2, P , 0.01). Cases were moved among ZSSD enclosures more than controls (OR 5 1.1 for each additional move, P , 0.01). Findings will help guide future management of this disease for zoo bird populations.

A 5-Year Retrospective Review of Avian Diseases Diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia

“…Mycobacterial infections were rarely diagnosed in the present study and affected single birds in a variety of taxa, several of which had concurrent gout or amyloidosis. The present findings agree with a previous study in that the primary lesions of mycobacteriosis in birds are often in the liver and lungs, followed by disseminated infections (Witte et al, 2008). The eye, retrobulbar tissue, nasal sinuses and the oral cavity can also be affected, as is seen in Amazon parrots (Montali et al, 2001).…”

Resumos Do Xvi Enapave

“…O sequenciamento genético revelou Mycobacterium genavense. DISCUSSÃO A micobacteriose é uma zoonose oportunista, comumente fatal, que afeta animais imunossuprimidos principalmente aves domésticas e silvestres (Witte et al, 2008;Lennox, 2007). O presente trabalho relata um caso de micobacteriose por M. genavense em um papagaio-verdadeiro de cativeiro, sendo essa a causa mais comum de micobacteriose nessa espécie (Palmieri et al, 2013;Lennox, 2007;Tell et al, 2001).…”

“…O presente trabalho relata um caso de micobacteriose por M. genavense em um papagaio-verdadeiro de cativeiro, sendo essa a causa mais comum de micobacteriose nessa espécie (Palmieri et al, 2013;Lennox, 2007;Tell et al, 2001). Os sinais clínicos, bem como os achados macroscópicos e a as lesões microscópicas, corroboram com o encontrado por Palmieri et al (2013), Lennox (2007), Witte et al (2008) e Godoy et al (2009). Todavia não houve evidências da doença em outros órgãos, fato que é menos comumente descrito (Palmieri et al, 2013e Godoy et al, 2009.…”

“…Microscopicamente, a lesão encontrada é caracterizada por reação granulomatosa, com bactérias intrahistiocíticas álcool-ácido-resistentes (Palmieri et al, 2013;Witte et al, 2008). Exames moleculares como reação de polimerização em cadeia (PCR) e imuno-histoquímica, além de cultura e sorologia, são necessários para o diagnóstico definitivo (Tell et al, 2001).…”

“…Exames moleculares como reação de polimerização em cadeia (PCR) e imuno-histoquímica, além de cultura e sorologia, são necessários para o diagnóstico definitivo (Tell et al, 2001). O tratamento não é recomendado devido à alta resistência dessas bactérias, sendo sugeridas medidas de controle e prevenção como quarentena e eutanásia de animais positivos (Witte et al, 2008;Lennox, 2007;Tell et al, 2001). O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os achados anatomopatológicos e moleculares de um papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) com granuloma celomático causado por Mycobacterium genavense.…”