“…Scientific research conducted in the last two decades has shown that particles are one of the critical pollutants from the point of view of health effects (such as eye irritation, dry throat, runny nose, sneezing, coughing, tiredness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, headaches, cardiovascular effects, hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus), cancer health risks, and mortality ( 8 ). The WHO estimated the annual cost of air pollution in Austria, France, and Switzerland to be about 30 billion pounds and that air pollution-related deaths accounted for 6% of all deaths in those countries ( 9 ). Particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) significantly affects health and increases mortality rates due to respiratory, cardiovascular, and lung diseases ( 10 ).…”