“…Studies are based on the fact that their inherent material characteristics, such as crystallinity, surface topography, wettability, and surface chemistry can affect stem cell behaviour and in-vivo osseointegration [2,3]. Various surface modification methods, such as sol-gel formation, chemical treatment, electrochemical treatment, plasma spray deposition, thermal oxidation, etc., are employed to enhance wear resistance, corrosion resistance and bio-mineralization for achieving improved osseointegration [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. From the wide variety of techniques available, thermal oxidation could be considered as one of the most straightforward processes where the oxide layers are grown epitaxially on the substrate by annealing the alloy at higher temperatures in the presence of oxygen.…”