To avoid defects in concrete structure caused by the particularity of structure, the complexity of construction process and the contingency of human operation in the track construction process, it is necessary to conduct comparative tests on the workability, strength, adiabatic and semi-adiabatic properties, free shrinkage, durability index and crack resistance of concrete before pouring. At present, in the field of track traffic, the study on establishing the thermal damage model of mass track concrete considering the thermal load is relatively lacking. The existing models do not take into account the thermal damage caused by cement hydration at the initial stage of construction of track concrete structures, and the study on thermal-mechanical coupling analysis at the initial stage of construction is also relatively rare. To this end, this article studies the thermal-mechanical coupling analysis and study on thermal damage of track concrete. It makes the thermal analysis of track concrete at the initial stage of construction by using the direct thermal-mechanical coupling analysis technology. That's, based on the updated Lagrange method, the track concrete thermal coupling equation at the initial stage of construction is constructed. Based on the damage model and direct thermal coupling analysis of track concrete, it builds a thermal damage model suitable for track concrete at the initial stage of construction. The results of thermal coupling analysis of track concrete and thermal damage mechanism analysis at the initial stage of construction are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed analysis method.