“…Some key modelling methods have been solved to obviously improve the precision and efficiency of numerical simulation, including elastic-plastic dynamic explicit algorithm (Utsunomiya et al, 2002;Sawamiphakdi et al, 2002;Luo et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2007), mass scaling strategy (Qian et al, 2005), reconstruction and distortion control of grid (Davey and Ward, 2002a), adaptive control of guide rolls (Li et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2012a), thermal-mechanical coupling skill (Song et al, 2002). In addition, some scholar have tried to use FE modelling methods to predict microstructure evolution of ring rolling, mainly utilising a FE software integrated a module to simulate microstructure evolution or developing a function in a FE software by compiling a subroutine, based on mathematical models of microstructure evolution Zhu et al, 2012;Henke et al, 2013;. As the deformation process of RRR has the characteristic of rapid variation and multi-nonlinearity, it is difficult to investigate the rolling course in detail by experiment.…”