Investigation of Driver EMF Exposure From 4G/5G Automotive Glass Mounted Antennas

Baramili, E.; Sarkis, R.; Saleh, Mira Bou

doi:10.1109/ieeeconf35879.2020.9329845

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In numerical simulation studies (see [58]- [61], [63], [70]- [79] in Table IV and [58], [82]- [85] in Table V) the aim was to estimate the exposure field using numerical methods capable to calculate electromagnetic quantities, such as the E-field and H-field, as generated by a simulated source in a simulated exposure scenario.…”

Section: Methods For Rf Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the analytical approach described above, numerical simulation of the exposure field can be done also using computational electromagnetic approaches capable to solve Maxwell's equations directly, as the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method [88]. Examples of application of computational electromagnetics for field exposure assessment in the car are in [59]- [61], [63], [70]- [79] in Table IV and [82]- [85] in Table V. In computational electromagnetics, the exposure scenario is modelled using 3D geometries; the scenario is then discretized in terms of grids and Maxwell's equations are solved at each point in the grid.…”

Section: Methods For Rf Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As to external antennas, studies [61]- [64] in Table IV addressed antennas mounted on the car body in the Very High Frequency-VHF (146 MHz), UHF (460 MHz), GSM (900 and 1800 MHz), 5G NR (600 and 3500 MHz), and WiFi (2400 MHz) bands. In all studies, in-cabin exposure field was found to be below the reference level of exposure of 27.7 V/m at 146 MHz, 29.5 V/m at 460 MHz, 41.25 V/m at 900 MHz, 58.3 V/m at 1800 MHz, 67.4 V/m at 2400 MHz, and 81.3 V/m at 3500 MHz as set in [56], [57].…”

Section: ) In-vehicle Exposure From Generic In-car Wireless Communica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Exposure to RF Electromagnetic Fields in the Connected Car

et al. 2022

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Future vehicles will be increasingly connected to enable new applications and improve safety, traffic efficiency and comfort, through the use of several wireless access technologies, ranging from vehicleto-everything (V2X) connectivity to automotive radar sensing and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for intra-car wireless sensor networks. These technologies span the radiofrequency (RF) range, from a few hundred MHz as in intra-car network of sensors to hundreds of GHz as in automotive radars used for in-vehicle occupant detection and advanced driver assistance systems. Vehicle occupants and road users in the vicinity of the connected vehicle are thus daily immersed in a multi-source and multi-band electromagnetic field (EMF) generated by such technologies. This paper is the first comprehensive and specific survey about EMF exposure generated by the whole ensemble of connectivity technologies in cars.For each technology we describe the main characteristics, relevant standards, the application domain, and the typical deployment in modern cars. We then extensively characterize the EMF exposure scenarios resulting from such technologies by resuming and comparing the outcomes from past studies on the exposure in the car. Results from past studies suggested that in no case EMF exposure was above the safe limits for the general population. Finally, open challenges for a more realistic characterization of the EMF exposure scenario in the connected car are discussed.

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Section: Methods For Rf Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods For Rf Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) In-vehicle Exposure From Generic In-car Wireless Communica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Exposure to RF Electromagnetic Fields in the Connected Car

et al. 2022

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“…So far, efforts have been made to evaluate RF EMF human exposure to plane wave, dipoles and array antennas in both near-field and far-field conditions using computational methods and considering upcoming 5G mobile network communication scenarios [16]- [19]. In the automotive field, a few studies have begun to focus on the assessment of human exposure due to antennas operating at frequencies used in V2X communications [20]- [23], and one our previous study specifically assessed the exposure levels of pedestrians in near proximity to a car equipped with two 5G-V2X antennas at 3.5 GHz, where some configurations and orientations between a human model and the car were evaluated thanks to classical computational techniques [24]. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of the previous reported works has taken into account the heterogeneity, uncertainty and variability introduced by the use of these new 5G-V2X communications on RF-EMF human exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic Dosimetry Assessment of Human RF-EMF Spatial Exposure Variability in 5G-V2X Vehicular Communication Scenario

Bonato,

Tognola,

Benini

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Assessment of SAR in Road-Users from 5G-V2X Vehicular Connectivity Based on Computational Simulations

Bonato

Tognola

Benini

et al. 2022

Sensors

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(1) Background: Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) will soon operate using 5G New-Radio (NR) wireless communication, overcoming the limitations of the current V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) wireless communication technologies and increasing road-safety and driving efficiency. These innovations will also change the RF exposure levels of pedestrians and road-users in general. These people, in fact, will be exposed to additional RF sources coming from nearby cars and from the infrastructure. Therefore, an exposure assessment of people in the proximity of a connected car is necessary and urgent. (2) Methods: Two array antennas for 5G-V2X communication at 3.5 GHz were modelled and mounted on a realistic 3D car model for evaluating the exposure levels of a human model representing people on the road near the car. Computational simulations were conducted using the FDTD solver implemented in the Sim4Life platform; different positions and orientations between the car and the human model were assessed. The analyzed quantities were the Specific Absorption Rate on the whole body (SARwb), averaged over 10 g (SAR10g) in specific tissues, as indicated in the ICNIRP guidelines. (3) Results: the data showed that the highest exposure levels were obtained mostly in the head area of the human model, with the highest peak obtained in the configuration where the main beam of the 5G-V2X antennas was more direct towards the human model. Moreover, in all configurations, the dose absorbed by a pedestrian was well below the ICNIRP guidelines to avoid harmful effects. (4) Conclusions: This work is the first study on human exposure assessment in a 5G-V2X scenario, and it expands the knowledge about the exposure levels for the forthcoming use of 5G in connected vehicles.

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Investigation of Driver EMF Exposure From 4G/5G Automotive Glass Mounted Antennas

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Survey of Exposure to RF Electromagnetic Fields in the Connected Car

Survey of Exposure to RF Electromagnetic Fields in the Connected Car

Stochastic Dosimetry Assessment of Human RF-EMF Spatial Exposure Variability in 5G-V2X Vehicular Communication Scenario

Assessment of SAR in Road-Users from 5G-V2X Vehicular Connectivity Based on Computational Simulations

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