Investigation of Ebolavirus exposure in pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda

Atherstone, Christine; Diederich, Sandra; Pickering, Bradley; Smith, Greg; Casey, G A; Fischer, Kerstin; Ward, Michael P.; Ndoboli, Dickson; Weingartl, Hana M.; Alonso, Silvia; Dhand, Navneet K.; Roesel, Kristina; Grace, Delia; Mor, Siobhan M.

doi:10.1111/tbed.13822

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…This body of evidence, along with modelling studies (electronic supplementary material, text S6), point to forest-dwelling bats as likely Orthoebolavirus reservoir hosts. However, more recent studies indicate a more complex scenario with potential bridging hosts and environmental influences, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary approaches [153,[180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189]. Direct transmission of EBOV from bats to humans has been posited in two theoretical scenarios [112,162], without evidence.…”

Section: (A) Contrasting Examples: Information On Bats As Reservoir H...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats

Weber,

Nagy,

Markotter

et al. 2023

Biol. Lett.

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Africa experiences frequent emerging disease outbreaks among humans, with bats often proposed as zoonotic pathogen hosts. We comprehensively reviewed virus–bat findings from papers published between 1978 and 2020 to evaluate the evidence that African bats are reservoir and/or bridging hosts for viruses that cause human disease. We present data from 162 papers (of 1322) with original findings on (1) numbers and species of bats sampled across bat families and the continent, (2) how bats were selected for study inclusion, (3) if bats were terminally sampled, (4) what types of ecological data, if any, were recorded and (5) which viruses were detected and with what methodology. We propose a scheme for evaluating presumed virus–host relationships by evidence type and quality, using the contrasting available evidence for Orthoebolavirus versus Orthomarburgvirus as an example. We review the wording in abstracts and discussions of all 162 papers, identifying key framing terms, how these refer to findings, and how they might contribute to people's beliefs about bats. We discuss the impact of scientific research communication on public perception and emphasize the need for strategies that minimize human–bat conflict and support bat conservation. Finally, we make recommendations for best practices that will improve virological study metadata.

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Section: (A) Contrasting Examples: Information On Bats As Reservoir H...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats

Weber,

Nagy,

Markotter

et al. 2023

Biol. Lett.

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“…Although bats are routinely implicated as the possible reservoir for the ebolaviruses, the source of infection for index cases in almost all outbreaks is unknown with only limited epidemiological evidence directly linking humans and bats [7]. This lack of evidence allows for the possibility that ebolavirus maintenance could involve multiple host species or more complex spillover dynamics [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Bundibugyo Virus in Domestic Swine Leads to Viral Shedding with Evidence of Intraspecies Transmission

Lewis,

Pinette,

Lakin

et al. 2024

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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The Ebolavirus genus contains several of the deadliest zoonotic viruses known. One of these, Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), has been the causative agent of two outbreaks of human disease that have resulted in 211 known cases with a case fatality rate of 33.6%. Although bats are routinely implicated as the possible reservoir species for the ebolaviruses, the source of infection for index cases in almost all outbreaks is unknown with only limited epidemiological evidence directly linking human cases to bats. This lack of evidence leaves open the possibility that maintenance of one or more of these viruses could involve multiple host species or more complex spillover dynamics. Domestic pigs have been found naturally infected with Reston virus (RESTV) and are experimentally susceptible to infection with Ebola virus (EBOV), two other members of the Ebolavirus genus. Infection of pigs resulted in shedding of infectious virus with subsequent transmission to naïve animals being documented, including transmission to humans for RESTV and to nonhuman primates for EBOV. The susceptibility and subsequent viral shedding and pathogenesis of domestic pigs to other ebolaviruses and the potential role this species may play in virus ecology, spillover dynamics, and human public health risk is unknown. For these reasons, we conducted a series of studies aimed at determining the susceptibility of domestic pigs to BDBV thereby demonstrating that pigs are not only susceptible to experimental infection but that the development of productive infection, tissue dissemination, and shedding of infectious virus can also occur while animals remain clinically normal. The role of pigs as a possible interim or amplifying host for ebolaviruses is a concern for both human public health and food security.

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“…Current research generally supports Egyptian fruit bats as the natural reservoir host of MARV [ 5–8 ]. Recent studies indicate that domestic pigs can be infected with another fatal filovirus, Ebola virus (EBOV), and spread it to humans [ 9–11 ]. The potential risk of domestic pigs to act as hosts for filoviruses raises concerns about the emergence of new filovirus diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rabies virus-vectored vaccine expressing two copies of the Marburg virus glycoprotein gene induced neutralizing antibodies against Marburg virus in humanized mice

Wang

Han

et al. 2022

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a lethal viral haemorrhagic fever caused by Marburg virus (MARV) with a case fatality rate as high as 88%. There is currently no vaccine or antiviral therapy approved for MVD. Due to high variation among MARV isolates, vaccines developed against one strain fail to protect against other strains. Here we report that three recombinant rabies virus (RABV) vector vaccines encoding two copies of GPs covering both MARV lineages induced pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, high-affinity human neutralizing antibodies were isolated from a humanized mouse model. The three vaccines produced a Th1-biased serological response similar to that of human patients. Adequate sequential immunization enhanced the production of neutralizing antibodies. Virtual docking suggested that neutralizing antibodies induced by the Angola strain seemed to be able to hydrogen bond to the receptor-binding site (RBS) in the GP of the Ravn strain through hypervariable regions 2 (CDR2) and CDR3 of the VH region. These findings demonstrate that three inactivated vaccines are promising candidates against different strains of MARV, and a novel fully humanized neutralizing antibody against MARV was isolated.

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Investigation of Ebolavirus exposure in pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats

Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats

Experimental Infection of Bundibugyo Virus in Domestic Swine Leads to Viral Shedding with Evidence of Intraspecies Transmission

A rabies virus-vectored vaccine expressing two copies of the Marburg virus glycoprotein gene induced neutralizing antibodies against Marburg virus in humanized mice

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