Investigation of emissions from heated essential‐oil‐rich fuels at 200 °C

Zhao, Fenfang; Shu, Li; Wang, Mingyu; Tian, Xin

doi:10.1002/fam.2140

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Volatile oils and fatty-extracts are two main components of extracts (Cannac et al 2009). Volatile oils, which are polar and have a lower heat content, approximately 32.36 MJ/Kg, can increase the combustibility of fuels by increasing the probability of ignition (Zhao et al 2013;Sanderson and Egg 1997;Zedler 1995;White 1994). Fatty-extracts are non-volatile, have higher heat content, approximately 35-40 MJ/Kg, and might be closely related to the heating value (HV) of fuels (Demirbas 2005;White 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Supercritical extracts of forest fuels in Great Xing’an Mountains

Zhao

Wang

Shu³

et al. 2016

J. For. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Extracts are important components of fuels. Fatty-extracts with high heating value (HV) are hypothesized by researchers as positively related to the HV of fuels. The Soxhlet extractor is typically used to extract fatty-extracts but it has shortcomings, including long processing time (8-10 h) and the requirement for large amounts of organic solvent. Supercritical extraction is an alternate and useful technique for extraction of natural products. However, published studies rarely discuss the relationship between extracts and HV. In this study, we assessed the supercritical extracts (SuE) of forest fuels in the Great Xing'an Mountains. Our results indicated that the optimum conditions for extraction of SuEs were 40-60 mesh, 40-50 MPa, 45°C, 80 min and a CO 2 flow rate of 1.5-2.0 dm 3 /min. The Soxhlet extracts contents and the SuE contents were all related to HV. However, R 2 of the coniferous samples (0.8499) and needle samples (0.9722) demonstrated that the correlation between HV and the SuE content was closer. We conclude that supercritical fatty-extracts provide a useful index of the HV of fuels, especially coniferous fuels. SuE data can be used in fire management, for example to estimate the rate of fire spread or fire intensity.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Supercritical extracts of forest fuels in Great Xing’an Mountains

Zhao

Wang

Shu³

et al. 2016

J. For. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Fire Safety for Green Façades: Part 1: Basics, State-of-the-Art Research and Experimental Investigation of Plant Flammability

Engel,

Werther

2024

Fire Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study is the first part of a larger investigation into the fire behaviour of green façades. In this study, the currently known international research status on this topic is presented and discussed. In addition, the flammability of green façades is investigated through 43 fire tests on a medium scale according to the SBI (Single Burning Item) test method EN 13823. The focus of the investigation was placed on climbing plants. A total of 25 different plant species were investigated. A comparison of the heat release rate of all the investigated vital plants shows similar behaviour. In the course of exposure, there are short peaks in the heat release rate. These peaks are “flare-ups” that occur when parts of the plants dry out due to exposure to the flame and then ignite. The plant species itself had no substantial influence on fire behaviour. Horizontal fire spread occurred to a very limited extent within the investigations of vital plants. They were self-extinguishing. The significant factor in the assessment of flammability is the moisture content of the plants. With dried plants, an abrupt heat release occurs at the beginning. Dried-out plants, as well as unmaintained plants with a high content of deadwood, represent the most critical case. Graphical Abstract

show abstract

Volatile Oil in Pinus yunnanensis Potentially Contributes to Extreme Fire Behavior

Chen

Zhao

et al. 2023

Fire

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Volatile oils in forest fuel can significantly affect forest fire behavior, especially extreme fire behavior, e.g., deflagration, fire storms, blowups, eruptive fires and crown fires. However, how these oils influence fire behavior remains unclear, as few qualitative studies have been performed globally. In the present study, we compared the volatile oil contents and components in live branches and surface dead fuel of Pinus yunnanensis Franch, which is widely distributed in Southwest China, to explore their potential effects on extreme fire behavior. Fifteen samples of live branches and fifteen samples of surface dead fuel were collected. Volatile oils were extracted from the samples using steam distillation, and their components were identified and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that the volatile oil content in live branches was as high as 8.28 mL·kg−1 (dry weight) and was significantly higher than that in surface dead fuel (3.55 mL·kg−1). The volatile oil content in the P. yunnanensis forest was 126.12 kg per hectare. The main volatile oil components were terpenoids, of which monoterpenes accounted for the highest proportion based on their content (62.63%), followed by sesquiterpenes (22.44%). The terpenoid compounds in live branches were more abundant than those in surface dead fuel. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in volatile oils in forest fuel have low boiling points, high calorific values and a lower explosion limit (LEL; 38.4 g·m−3), which are important characteristics in the manifestation of extreme fire behavior such as deflagration. The analysis results indicate that when heated, the oily gases from P. yunnanensis forest could fill 3284.26 m3 per hectare, with a gas concentration reaching the LEL. We conclude that volatile oil in P. yunnanensis has an important influence on the manifestation of extreme fire behavior, and live branches have a greater effect than surface dead fuel.

show abstract

Investigation of emissions from heated essential‐oil‐rich fuels at 200 °C

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Supercritical extracts of forest fuels in Great Xing’an Mountains

Supercritical extracts of forest fuels in Great Xing’an Mountains

Fire Safety for Green Façades: Part 1: Basics, State-of-the-Art Research and Experimental Investigation of Plant Flammability

Volatile Oil in Pinus yunnanensis Potentially Contributes to Extreme Fire Behavior

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About