Investigation of Environmental Effect of Plants in Smoking Area through Analysis of Cadmium and Microorganisms

Abstract

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plants on smoking area and its environment. For this purpose, two different smoking areas (with and without plants) were selected, and the number of smokers and spitting behaviors were monitored. Soil and leaves samples of each smoking area were taken to analyze the concentration of cadmium and distribution of soil microorganisms. Through this investigation, the role of plants in smoking area for the cadmium and microorganisms was estimated. Methods:In the selected smoking areas, number of smokers and the number of spitting behaviors were monitored. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations of leaves, topsoil and rhizosphere obtained from the smoking areas were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The microorganisms in soil samples were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing based metagenomics.Results and Discussion:In the case of smoking area with plants, number of smokers and number of total spitting behaviors were 176.67 ± 7.85 and 918.67 ± 40.8 times per hour, respectively. In smoking area without plants, the 153.67 ± 5.44 (smokers) and (829.8 ± 29.36 (spitting behavior) per hour were observed. Among the collected samples from the smoking areas, the highest Cd values (347.117 ± 24.542 μg/kg) were found in leaves of smoking area. In the case of smoking area without plants, the top soil samples showed the highest Cd concentration (295.77 ± 16.64 μg/kg). The results indicate that Cd released from cigarette ash, saliva and smoke can be accumulated in plants and soil. The results suggested that the presence of plants in the smoking area protect the accumulation of Cd in surrounding environments (soil and atmosphere). The metagenomic analysis of the soil samples showed that smoking and spitting behavior also affected microbial system in the smoking areas. The results showed that the microorganisms in smoking area were closely related to the heavy metal removing activities. Conclusion:Results suggested that the cadmium distribution in the smoking areas was significantly affected by the presence of live plants. In addition, the presence of plants in the smoking area induced the difference species microorganisms. These results suggested that the presence of plants in smoking area can protect the spread of cadmium to the surrounding environment.

Removal of Cadmium from Public Smoking area Soil using indoor Plants and Electrical Grounding

“…6,7) 카드뮴은 담배연기 및 담뱃재 에 포함되어 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 흡연 중 발생하는 지면으로의 재털기 및 침뱉기 등으로 인하여, 흡연구역의 표 층토에서 카드뮴 농도가 일반 토양에 비해 약 200% 이상 높 게 나타난다. 7,8) 카드뮴은 체내에 축적될 경우 폐부종, 폐암, 골연화증, 신장 기능 장애 등 각종 만성 질환을 유발한다. 9~13) 또한, 카드뮴은 토양에서의 잔류성이 높기 때문에 적절한 기 J. Korean Soc.…”