Investi̇gati̇on of Groundwater Polluti̇on by Petroleum Hydrocarbon From Gas Stati̇ons i̇n Yogyakarta, Indonesi̇A

Abstract

Gas stations are common source of groundwater contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons. For example, these pollutants are health concern when people come in contact with the contaminated water when pumping from polluted wells. However, in Indonesia this problem remains largely ignored, despite some prominent leakage incidents at gas stations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the groundwater contamination by petroleum hydrocarbon from gas station in the greater Yogyakarta area in Indonesia. A gas station with a history of leakage incident and located in close proximity with dug wells in which its water had been used for human daily consumption was selected to be the source of groundwater pollution to be investigated. Groundwater samples were then collected from dug wells located in the vicinity to this selected gas station and then analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Out of six sampling points, BTEX were detected with concentrations ranging from 0,008 to 25,631 ppb. Concentration of benzene at sampling point 3 exceed the standards of Indonesian drinking water quality and WHO. These findings indicated that BTEX groundwater pollution may be a health hazard of currently unknown proportion in the greater Yogyakarta area. It is recommended to assess health risk associated with human daily consumption of BTEX polluted groundwater and also to test groundwater at all gas stations in this area and remediate those affected by BTEX.

An approach to remediation of a tropical aquifer contaminated with hydrocarbons

“…For BTEX dissolved in water, the benzene and toluene concentrations were determined at 80% time taking values until 10 4 μg/L ( Exhibits and ), the remaining BTEX reached concentrations of 10 3 μg/L (Exhibit 19i–k). In an experience on investigation of groundwater pollution by petroleum hydrocarbon from gas station in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, due to fuel leaks from underground tanks and where BTEX were measured dissolved in water from six MWs, benzene was found exceeding the environmental limits in three of six MWs in strata in the saturated zone at depths from 6 to 10 mbgs (Rahmawati et al., 2018). In another experience on groundwater contamination from gas stations presented before, Balseiro‐Romero et al.…”

Health risk analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in groundwater in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia

“…To conduct a health risk analysis for this study, the concentration of BTEX in drinking water is based on the concentration of groundwater based on the previous study [10]. Samples were taken from dug wells surrounding the gas station which has a history of leakage.…”

“…Despite the high possibility of occurrence and potential adverse health effects it can pose, health risk analysis of exposure of BTEX from gas stations to humans is still rarely conducted. Most studies focused on the monitoring of groundwater quality surrounding the source of BTEX contamination or modeling or simulating its transport in the environment [8][9][10]. Health risk analysis can be used to estimate the potential health impact that occurred due to BTEX exposure from the environment.…”

“…Environmental management may include remediation by using for example bioremediation technology, establishment and enforcement of a better regulation, or environmental education to raise people's awareness. This paper present the health risk analysis of the consumption of BTEX-contaminated groundwater based on the previous study [10] due to a leakage incident in one gas station in Yogyakarta City [7].…”

Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and clean water in Bagelen and its surrounding area

“…It occurs when harmful substances (pollutants) enter groundwater (Geological Survey Ireland, 2022). Groundwater pollution can be sourced from domestic, industrial wastewater or landfills (Rahmawati et al, 2018). Therefore, the potential for groundwater in a given location must be studied in order to provide adequate and high-quality water.…”