Investigation of hemorrhagic fever viruses inside wild populations of ticks: One of the pioneer studies in Saudi Arabia

Mohamed, Rania Ali El Hadi; Mohamed, Nik Abdullah Nik; Aleanizy, Fadilah Sfouq; Alqahtani, Fulwah Yahya; Khalaf, Areej Al; Al-Keridis, Lamya Ahmed

doi:10.12980/apjtd.7.2017d6-371

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…CCHFV was detected in humans (0.8%), sheep (4.1%), goats (3.2%), and cattle (0.6%) ( 40 ), suggesting that the virus was introduced into Saudi Arabia through imported animals. Recently, during an investigation of hemorrhagic fever viruses in the tick populations, H. schulzei, H. onatoli , and H. dromedarii were found to be positive for CCHFV ( 58 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Arab world: A systematic review

Perveen

Khan

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an important tick-borne viral infection with a fatality rate of up to 50% during outbreaks. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is sustained in the ecosystem in benign form through vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving tick vectors, wildlife, and livestock. Hyalomma ticks are considered the major source of human infection. CCHF occurs most often among butchers, slaughterhouse workers, and farmworkers through infected tick bites or/and contact with blood and tissues of infected livestock. The nosocomial transmission can occur in auxiliary nurses and physicians through contact with the infected patients. The widespread distribution of CCHFV most probably occurred by ticks on migratory birds, or through international travel and trade of livestock and wildlife. During co-infections of ticks and vertebrates, reassortment among genome segments could play a significant role in generating diversity, and hence, a potential risk for the emergence of novel variants. In this systematic review, we aimed to determine the epidemiology, transmission, distribution, mortality, and clinical features of CCHF in 22 Arab countries, comprising the Arab world. Based on the analysis of 57 studies published from 1978 to 2021, we found 20 tick species that could be associated with CCHFV transmission. During the 43-year period, 321 cases of CCHF were reported from 9/22 Arab countries, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Sudan, Egypt, Tunisia, and Mauritania. The mean case fatality rate was 29% during various outbreaks. Individuals working in abattoirs/slaughter houses, livestock farms, and healthcare were most at risk. Contact with blood or body secretions from infected animals and patients was the most common mode of transmission. A number of different animals, including cattle, goats, sheep, and camels were reported to be seropositive for CCHFV. The highest seroprevalence was observed in camels (29%), followed by cattle (21%), goats (15%), and sheep (14%). We discuss these results in the context of policy-making and potential preventative measures that can be implemented to reduce the burden of CCHF in the Arab world.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Arab world: A systematic review

Perveen

Khan

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…2). Notably, in 6 out of 10 trapping surveys performed during interepidemic years in endemic zones, live RVFV or RVFV RNA was detected in captured vector mosquitoes or ticks [116–121]. As the lifespan of mosquito vectors is relatively short, the presence of RVFV viral RNA in these vectors likely represents sustained circulation in each of the given locations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence Of Vector Presence and Competence For Interepidemic Rvfvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021

Gerken

LaBeaud

Mandi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a lethal threat to humans and livestock in many parts of Africa, Arabia, and the Indian Ocean. This systematic review’s objective was to consolidate understanding of RVFV epidemiology during 1999-2021 and highlight knowledge gaps relevant to plans for human vaccine trials. Methodology/Principal Findings: The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020221622). Reports of RVFV infection or exposure among humans, animals, and/or vectors in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean during the period January 1999 to June 2021 were eligible for inclusion. Online databases were searched for publications, and supplemental materials were recovered from official reports and research colleagues. Exposures were classified into five groups: 1) acute human RVF cases, 2) acute animal cases, 3) human RVFV sero-surveys, 4) animal sero-surveys, and 5) insect infections. Human risk factors, circulating RVFV lineages, and surveillance methods were also tabulated. In meta-analysis of risks, summary odds ratios were computed using random-effects modeling. 1104 unique human or animal RVFV transmission events were reported in 39 countries during 1999-2021. Outbreaks among humans or animals occurred at rates of 5.8/year and 12.4/year, respectively, with Mauritania, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan having the most human outbreak years. Men had greater odds of RVFV infection than women, and animal contact, butchering, milking, and handling aborted material were significantly associated with greater odds of exposure. Animal risk was linked to location, proximity to water, and exposure to other herds or wildlife. RVFV was detected in a variety of mosquito vectors during interepidemic periods, confirming ongoing transmission. Conclusions/Significance: With broad variability in surveillance, case finding, survey design, and RVFV case confirmation, combined with uncertainty about populations-at-risk, there were inconsistent results from location to location. However, it was evident that RVFV transmission is expanding its range and frequency. Gaps assessment indicated the need to harmonize human and animal surveillance and improve diagnostics and genotyping. Given the frequency of RVFV outbreaks, human vaccination has strong potential to mitigate the impact of this now widely endemic disease.

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“…In ticks, the seroprevalence rate was 10%, but in Europe, CCHFV antibodies were found in 11.76% of ticks (Albayrak et al, 2012;Perveen and Khan, 2022). CCHFV was found in H. schulzei, H. onatoli, and H. dromedarii ticks in Saudi Arabia when they were tested for hemorrhagic fever viruses (Mohamed et al, 2017). Also, different studies have found Hyalomma ticks in Kuwait, which suggests that they could be involved in the spread of CCHFV (Converse and Moussa, 1982;Perveen et al, 2021).…”

Section: Tick Vectors and Reservoirs Of Cchfv In Iraqmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever favouring factors virus transmission: Special focus on Iraq and neighbouring countries

Nubgan,

Al-Saadi

2023

VIS

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Arthropod-borne infections, known as vector-borne diseases, are a significant threat to both humans and animals. These diseases are transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected arthropods. In the last half century, there have been a number of unexpected viral outbreaks in Middle Eastern countries. Recently, Iraq has witnessed an outbreak of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus with high morbidity and mortality rates in humans. However, very little is known about the prevalence and distribution of CCHFV in Iraq, and therefore, it is impossible to quantify the risk of infection. CCHFV is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. However, transmission can also occur through contact with the blood or tissues of infected animals during slaughter or through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. Accidental crushing of infected ticks can also release the virus and lead to transmission. In addition, healthcare workers and family members caring for infected individuals are at risk of infection through exposure to contaminated body fluids and aerosols. There are still many unknowns about the role that vertebrates play in the upkeep and spread of CCHFV. Critical information for our comprehension of CCHFV ecology may be gleaned through experimental studies conducted on wild animals and cattle. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to draw attention to current studies and publications that shed light on the intricate dynamic between CCHFV, vector, and host and demonstrate how biosurveillance at each stage aids in our knowledge of disease transmission, risk, and future research prospects.

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Investigation of hemorrhagic fever viruses inside wild populations of ticks: One of the pioneer studies in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Arab world: A systematic review

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Arab world: A systematic review

Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever favouring factors virus transmission: Special focus on Iraq and neighbouring countries

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