Abstract:Purpose Unidentified dynamics for the causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2, led to the critical public health issue. Suspicion for the airborne potential of SARS-Cov-2 is an important problem for its transmission and relevant epidemics. This research investigated hospital indoor air quality to SARS-Cov-2 occurrence and determination its air born potential. Methods The site study was a referral hospital with 630 beds for admitting of COVID-19 patients. Air sampling was done (n = 31) on selected wards includi… Show more
“…Finally, fourteen studies were eligible and included in this SR based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, as illustrated in Fig. 1 ( WANG and YONEDA, 2020 , BUONANNO et al, 2020 , VUORINEN et al, 2020 , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , LIU et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al (2020) ) . Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 1 shows the main findings of the included reviewed studies. Among the selected and included studies, eleven studies conducted experimental studies to determine the possible airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor air environments ( SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , LIU et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). These studies were conducted in Iran (n = 3), USA (n = 2), China (n = 1), Spain (n = 1), Singapore (n = 1), Philadelphia (n = 1), Korea (n = 1) and Italy (n = 1).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the present SR study, we conducted a comprehensive literature search for original studies on airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the indoor air environment, and after examining the collected literature and conducting an in-depth analysis, we included 14 eligible studies ( LIU et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , WANG and YONEDA, 2020 , BUONANNO et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , VUORINEN et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). Among the fourteen included studies, eleven eligible studies were experimental and reported different findings on positive or negative detection of SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in indoor air ( LIU et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). Among them, three studies indicated that all indoor air samples in the hospital were negative, thus concluding that there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by air ( FARIDI et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the fourteen included studies, eleven eligible studies were experimental and reported different findings on positive or negative detection of SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in indoor air ( LIU et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). Among them, three studies indicated that all indoor air samples in the hospital were negative, thus concluding that there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by air ( FARIDI et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 ). Unlike the results of these studies, other included experimental studies reported positive results that confirmed transmission of the virus through the air.…”
At the end of December 2019, the rapid spread of the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) disease and, subsequently, deaths around the world, lead to the declaration of the pandemic situation in the world. At the beginning of the epidemic, much attention is paid to person-to-person transmission, disinfection of virus-contaminated surfaces, and social distancing. However, there is much debate about the routes of disease transmission, including airborne transmission, so it is important to elucidate the exact route of transmission of the COVID-19 disease. To this end, the first systematic review study was conducted to comprehensively search all databases to collect studies on airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor air environments. In total, 14 relevant and eligible studies were included. Based on the findings, there is a great possibility of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor air environments. Therefore, some procedures are presented such as improving ventilation, especially in hospitals and crowded places, and observing the interpersonal distance of more than 2 meters so that experts in indoor air quality consider them to improve the indoor air environments. Finally, in addition to the recommendations of the centers and official authorities such as hand washing and observing social distancing, the route of air transmission should also be considered to further protect health personnel, patients in hospitals, and the public in other Public Buildings.
“…Finally, fourteen studies were eligible and included in this SR based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, as illustrated in Fig. 1 ( WANG and YONEDA, 2020 , BUONANNO et al, 2020 , VUORINEN et al, 2020 , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , LIU et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al (2020) ) . Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 1 shows the main findings of the included reviewed studies. Among the selected and included studies, eleven studies conducted experimental studies to determine the possible airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor air environments ( SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , LIU et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). These studies were conducted in Iran (n = 3), USA (n = 2), China (n = 1), Spain (n = 1), Singapore (n = 1), Philadelphia (n = 1), Korea (n = 1) and Italy (n = 1).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the present SR study, we conducted a comprehensive literature search for original studies on airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the indoor air environment, and after examining the collected literature and conducting an in-depth analysis, we included 14 eligible studies ( LIU et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , WANG and YONEDA, 2020 , BUONANNO et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , VUORINEN et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). Among the fourteen included studies, eleven eligible studies were experimental and reported different findings on positive or negative detection of SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in indoor air ( LIU et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). Among them, three studies indicated that all indoor air samples in the hospital were negative, thus concluding that there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by air ( FARIDI et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the fourteen included studies, eleven eligible studies were experimental and reported different findings on positive or negative detection of SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in indoor air ( LIU et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020a , STADNYTSKYI et al, 2020 , CHIA et al, 2020 , Orenes-Piñero et al, 2020 , FARIDI et al, 2020 , KENARKOOHI et al, 2020 , SANTARPIA et al, 2020b , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 , RAZZINI et al, 2020 ). Among them, three studies indicated that all indoor air samples in the hospital were negative, thus concluding that there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by air ( FARIDI et al, 2020 , KIM et al, 2020 , MASOUMBEIGI et al, 2020 ). Unlike the results of these studies, other included experimental studies reported positive results that confirmed transmission of the virus through the air.…”
At the end of December 2019, the rapid spread of the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) disease and, subsequently, deaths around the world, lead to the declaration of the pandemic situation in the world. At the beginning of the epidemic, much attention is paid to person-to-person transmission, disinfection of virus-contaminated surfaces, and social distancing. However, there is much debate about the routes of disease transmission, including airborne transmission, so it is important to elucidate the exact route of transmission of the COVID-19 disease. To this end, the first systematic review study was conducted to comprehensively search all databases to collect studies on airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor air environments. In total, 14 relevant and eligible studies were included. Based on the findings, there is a great possibility of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor air environments. Therefore, some procedures are presented such as improving ventilation, especially in hospitals and crowded places, and observing the interpersonal distance of more than 2 meters so that experts in indoor air quality consider them to improve the indoor air environments. Finally, in addition to the recommendations of the centers and official authorities such as hand washing and observing social distancing, the route of air transmission should also be considered to further protect health personnel, patients in hospitals, and the public in other Public Buildings.
“…In other words, preventing the airborne transmission of viruses in hospitals is a necessity based on national and international evidence [1]. By identifying the dynamics of the causative agent of SARS-CoV-2, Masoumbeigi et al [2] showed the significance of the airborne infection potential of the related epidemics. Their results indicated the importance of the hospital's indoor air quality monitoring system.…”
The indoor air of a hospital is always full of bacteria and viruses due to patients with different diseases. These bacteria and viruses could be highly infectious to the people in the hospital irrespective of their health conditions, and could be hazardous to the patients, their care takers, and hospital staff. Thus, keeping a good hospital air quality is very essential to the operation of the hospital. This study aims at enhancing ventilation of the interior lighting of hospitals with germicidal capabilities. Air disinfection is accomplished by adding the specially designed disinfecting filters and fans to existing embedded lamps in the hospitals. The embedded lamp has a square shape of 601 mm in width and 112 mm in thickness. In the design stage, the air flow inside the embedded lamp with the added filters and fans was investigated by numerical simulation using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. Three designs, referred to as Types 1, 2, and 3, were evaluated using steady-state CFD flow simulations. The ventilation rate of the Type 1 design was about 251.9 CMH, and 348.3 CMH for the Type 2 design by increasing the fan outlet area. However, even though the ventilation was increased by 34%, the flow field of the Type 2 design was not uniform, resulting in flows being circulated around the side locations. Thus, the Type 3 design further treats this aspect by streamlining the outlet geometry and adding flow guiding vanes to reduce flow resistance and flow unsteadiness; the corresponding air ventilation rate reached 376.3 CMH. Hence, the Type 3 design was fabricated and tested. The test results confirm that the design not only has a higher ventilation rate but also operates under a smaller pressure drop, thus accomplishing the goal of providing good air quality in the hospital environment efficiently. Moreover, the associated flow noise is reduced by about 8 dBA. Hence, both an increase in the air ventilation rate and a reduction of noise are achieved simultaneously by the present method.
In December 2019, all nations learnt about the emergence of a pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), induced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a member of the β-coronavirus group. As
SARS-CoV-2
has the potentiality of leading to life-threatening respiratory failure, its transmission routes need to be characterized. Yet
, the possibility of airborne transmission is still debated. This study was performed to evaluate potential hospital indoor air viral quality in order to detect SARS-COV-2. For this purpose, an impinger method was used to monitor the SARS-COV-2 virus in the air. Thus, 33 samples were collected from 8 different hospital locations. The sampling time was between 50 and 60 min with a sampling flow rate of 28 L/min. Air samples were taken from 2 to 5 m away from the patients’ beds. Temperature, relative humidity, and CO
2
concentration were 28, 37, and 438 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that air samples which were 2 to 5 m away from the patients’ beds were negative for the presence of the virus. According to the obtained results, it is suggested that airborne transmission may not have much effect on this pandemic. However, as the patients with SARS-CoV-2 were hospitalized in rooms with negative air pressure, the results might have been negatively affected.
Graphical abstract
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