Investigation of indoor air pollution by chlorpyrifos: Determination of chlorpyrifos in indoor air and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in residents’ urine as an exposure index

Abstract

Objects: We carried out an investigation to clarify the real state of indoor air pollution by chlorpyrifos (termiticide) and exposure to chlorpyrifos of residents by measuring its urinary metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) as an exposure index, such as biological monitoring.Methods: The investigation was conducted in 43 individual houses with termiticide application (whether the termiticide was chlorpyrifos is uncertain) and 3 control houses without any termiticide application in Kagawa, Japan. Urine samples were collected from 46 healthy adult residents of the aforementioned houses.Results: Chlorpyrifos in indoor air in the control houses was not detected (ND<1 ng/m 3 , n=3), while 41 of 43 houses with termiticide application showed 1-350 ng/m 3 . Although the chlorpyrifos concentrations in these 41 houses did not exceeded the indoor air quality guideline of 1000 ng/m 3 , but 3 houses were higher than the guideline 100 ng/m 3 for children in Japan. Urinary TCP concentrations of 0.1-7.8 ng/mg·creatinine were detected in 41 residents from the 41 houses where chlorpyrifos had been detected. The chlorpyrifos concentration and the urinary TCP revealed a positive correlation (r=0.5468, p<0.01, n=41).Conclusions: The immediate health hazard from air born chlorpyrifos in the examined houses was negligible, but the findings suggest that it is necessary to monitor chemicals which may contaminate indoor air and to assess the risk of prolonged exposure to such chemicals. The measuring of urinary metabolite TCP of chlorpyrifos via biological monitoring would be useful, allowing comprehensive evaluation of the exposure to chlorpyrifos in indoor air.

Urinary biomarker concentrations of captan, chlormequat, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in UK adults and children living near agricultural land

“… 33 Another study reported urinary TCP concentrations of 0.1–7.8 μ g/g creatinine in 41 residents from houses where chlorpyrifos had been detected in collected indoor air samples. 34 Alexander et al 35 reported a study of farm family members (spouses, and children aged 4–17 years) from Minnesota and South Carolina. Five consecutive 24-h urine samples were obtained from 34 families of licensed pesticide applicators from one day before to three days after a chlorpyrifos application.…”

The Risk Screening for Indoor Air Pollution Chemicals in Japan

“…As a result, 19 studies were selected. (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) The selections were based on the following criteria: (1) large-scale survey, for example, nationwide or prefecturewide; (2) random sampling (not a specific population, such as allergic subjects);…”

Dynamics of distribution and efficacy of different spot-on permethrin formulations in dogs artificially infested with Dermacentor reticulatus

“…Although the chambers contained a separate compartment for the ticks to hide and possibly escape the acaricide, it may be possible that after being forced to stay on the animal, the temptation of a blood meal was stronger than the repellent effect of the drug. On the other hand, it has been reported that permethrin is not only absorbed after direct contact, but that concentrations in the air can lead to the excretion of metabolites in exposed people [ 19 ]. This potential acaricidal effect on ticks that have not come into contact with the hair or the skin has to be kept in mind as the possibility of a certain permethrin concentration in the air can not be eliminated in the chambers.…”