The counterfort and relief shelf composite retaining wall can decrease the lateral earth pressure, with the T-shape variable section beam as the tension member being an effective solution for high fill slope engineering. However, research on this kind of retaining wall is limited, and investigating the lateral earth pressure distribution law, and mechanical and deformation characteristics of the composite structure is necessary. In this paper, three model tests were conducted, including a counterfort structure, a structure with short relief shelves, and a structure with long relief shelves; the lateral earth pressures, buttress stresses, and structural displacements were measured. The results revealed that the lateral earth pressures, buttress stresses, and displacements of composite structures were smaller than those of the counterfort retaining wall under the same conditions. Longer relief shelves exert a lower lateral earth pressure, but the difference in buttress stresses and displacement is not obvious. The displacement curve of the composite retaining wall was similar to that of the counterfort retaining wall, conforming to the bending deformation of the cantilever beam. Due to the differences among the bending moment derived from the test, the theoretical lateral earth pressure, and that calculated from the test buttress stress, this study hypothesizes that some force is exerted in the lower part of the unloading zone, which should be further researched.