Investigation of mechanical properties of PLA printed materials under varying infill density

Gunasekaran, K.; Aravinth, Vishaal; Kumaran, C.B. Muthu; Madhankumar, K.; Kumar, Sanjeev

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.041

Cited by 59 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In their paper, the authors stated that the influence of the infill pattern produced no significant influence on the mechanical properties. Regarding the infill density, Alafaghani et al [1] and Gunasekaran et al [15] indicated that the larger the infill density, the larger the tensile strength expected during tensile testing due to an improvement in bonding. However, based on the ANOVA, the variation of tensile strength depending on the infill density is minimal in this experimental study and cannot be considered as a statistically significant source of variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforcements in the Mechanical Resistance of 3D Printed Specimens

2021

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In the last years, fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been under study for additive manufacturing. For this purpose, it is important to assess the behavior of these materials in terms of mechanical properties. The present experimental study evaluates the mechanical resistance of both PLA and carbon fiber reinforced PLA. The work used a full factorial Design of Experiments (108 tests) selecting as factors the infill density, infill pattern, material, number of perimeters and printing orientation. The main results highlight that the most influential factors on the tensile strength are both type of material and number of perimeters. In this study, the use of reinforcements did not improve the mechanical resistance attained by the corresponding virgin material. Particularly, for some selected specimens, the porosity measured in the fracture section is larger for the reinforced PLA specimens, so they showed a smaller cross-section.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforcements in the Mechanical Resistance of 3D Printed Specimens

2021

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“…Reducing the infill degree lowers the tensile properties, including tensile stiffness and strength, of the printed part. [ 61,62 ] However, according to experimental results reported under flexural load, [ 63 ] there is not a linear correlation between infill degree and flexural strength, which means that the properties of a part printed with, for example, a 60% infill degree will likely exceed 60% of the properties of the same part built with a 100% infill degree. Moreover, it has also been observed that working with infill degrees lower than 100% and combining them with solid layers with 100% infill degree on top and below (thus obtaining sandwich panel‐like structures) allow designers to keep the weight down and simultaneously maintain the flexural strength of FFF printed specimens.…”

Section: Competitive Advantages Of Fffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials Requirements in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Framework for the Design of Next‐Generation 3D Printable Thermoplastics and Composites

Sola

2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling, is the leading technology for polymer-based additive manufacturing. The simplicity, along with the cleanness, the affordability, and the multi-material capability, are some of the main advantages that have prompted this success. Nonetheless, the uptake of FFF in industry is hampered by the limited functionality of commercial filaments, that are often based on plain thermoplastics. The future growth of FFF into new markets needs a significant improvement of available materials. However, materials requirements in FFF are complicated and often mutually conflicting. Whereas heuristic approaches to materials design imply significant costs in terms of time, energy, and materials, a critical survey of the main requirements that a new material should fulfill in order to be printable and suitable for commercial adoption is still missing. In order to bridge this gap, the present paper analyzes the workflow from filament production to end-of-life disposal of printed objects, and, for each step, brings to light the governing materials properties. Wherever possible, practical guidelines are given on acceptable values. Existing lacks of knowledge are identified to direct future studies. The ultimate goal is to provide a road map to making materials development in FFF more efficient.

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“…The main parameters of the two gears are shown in Table 1. The density of the PLA material can vary between 1000 and 2500 kg/m 3 ; however, here it was chosen to be 1250 kg/m 3 , since a composition with this value is widely used in 3D printing [21]. The following boundary conditions were applied on the gears: Both of the gears were constrained by revolute joints in their centers of mass, which allowed rotation perpendicular to the working grid, but no translation.…”

Section: Multibody Dynamics Simulation Of a Spur Gear Connectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Wear Analysis of a PLA-Made Spur Gear Pair as a Function of Friction Coefficient and Temperature

Fekete

2021

Coatings

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Polylactic acid (PLA)-made machine elements exhibit easy machining, biodegradability, and excellent mechanical properties. However, enhancing their wear resistance is still a crucial engineering point, which may be achieved by altering (lowering) their coefficient of friction (CoF). Therefore, the first aim of this paper is to analyze how wear is affected by the alteration of CoF. The second aim is connected to the fact that PLA is sensitive to heat, which also limits its applicability. Accordingly, the next goal is to explore the effect of temperature on wear propagation. This study answers these questions by means of multibody dynamics simulations of a PLA-made spur gear pair. Simulations were carried out under constant torque, while the CoF and the temperature were varied in a normal operation domain (CoF: 0.1–0.05, T = 20–30 °C). The results showed that the wear volume gradually began to decline at approximately 0.085 CoF, whilst convergence to steady-state wear could be observed at 0.05 CoF. In conclusion, alteration of the CoF can lower wear by 35%, in this specific domain, while even a 5 °C rise in temperature causes 40% wear progression. The feasibility of the numerical procedure was validated by comparing numerically and experimentally obtained wear–torque results.

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Investigation of mechanical properties of PLA printed materials under varying infill density

Cited by 59 publications

References 13 publications

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforcements in the Mechanical Resistance of 3D Printed Specimens

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforcements in the Mechanical Resistance of 3D Printed Specimens

Materials Requirements in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Framework for the Design of Next‐Generation 3D Printable Thermoplastics and Composites

Numerical Wear Analysis of a PLA-Made Spur Gear Pair as a Function of Friction Coefficient and Temperature

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