Investigation of Multilayered Catalyst Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells by Electrospray Deposition

Abstract

In this study, multilayered catalyst layers with ionomer/carbon ratio (I/C ratio) were formed using electrospray deposition (ESD). The formed catalyst layer was used as the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance measurements. The structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the maximum power densities for the homogeneous and three-layer catalyst layers at 100% MEA humidity were 274 mW/cm2 and 312 mW/cm2, respectively, indicating the effectiveness of the multilayered catalyst layer in ESD. SEM-EDS observations showed that larger aggregates were observed at higher I/C ratios, which also affected the thickness of the layers, suggesting that multilayered I/C ratios may be accompanied by multilayered physical structures.

Electrospray Deposition of Catalyst Layers with Ultralow Pt Loading for Cost-Effective H2 Production by SO2 Electrolysis

“…The CL surface was also characterized by EDS (Figure i), from which the platinum showed a uniform distribution throughout the entirety of the studied area. This observation is consistent with previous works that show similar morphology and distribution for catalyst layers prepared with electrospray and air gun. − …”

“…This observation is consistent with previous works that show similar morphology and distribution for catalyst layers prepared with electrospray and air gun. 46 − 50 …”

Analysis on the Artistic Presentation Effect of 3D Rendering Ink Painting Based on the Evaluation of Deep Learning Model

“…is method can simulate simple stacking effects, and Young gave a graph of the stacking effect. [28] proposed a diffusion model with concentration difference as the driving force for diffusion, but did not present a theoretical basis, [29] proposed to simulate the diffusion of ink particles with Fick's first law of steady-state diffusion [30], but in reality the diffusion process is a nonsteady-state process, [31,32] proposed to use a fluid based on LBE (Lattice Boltzmann Equation) to simulate ink diffusion. e diffusion model is easy to parallelize, has good real-time performance, and can produce very realistic ink and wash wet brush painting effects.…”

Electrospray Deposition: A Breakthrough Technique for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer Fabrication

“…A more innovative approach was studied by Arai et al, in which the deposition of multilayered catalyst layers with different ionomer/carbon ratios was studied, forming different physical structures depending on the ratio and resulting in an increase in the performance of the cell when compared with homogeneous layers. 54 The feasibility of using electrospray to deposit functional catalyst layers with ultralow platinum loadings, as reported by Garcia-Ybarra's group, has also been confirmed in other research laboratories. They have found improved mass activity values at 0.05 mg•cm −2 platinum loading due to the increased efficiency of gas mass transport 55 and the reduced O 2 transport resistance with low platinum loadings.…”

“…The improvement in the transport resistance in cathodic layers reported by the Fuel Cells group at CIEMAT was confirmed by Cho et al Interestingly enough, they also reported significant differences in the catalyst layer transport resistance depending on the ionization mode. A more innovative approach was studied by Arai et al, in which the deposition of multilayered catalyst layers with different ionomer/carbon ratios was studied, forming different physical structures depending on the ratio and resulting in an increase in the performance of the cell when compared with homogeneous layers …”