Investigation of novel geophysical techniques for monitoring CO₂ movement during sequestration. Final report, CRADA

Borehole EM Monitoring at Aquistore: Final Report to the Carbon Capture Project (CCP)

“…For example, Hoversten and Gasperikova (2006) report changes in modeled in-line surface electric fields due to the presence or absence of CO 2 on the order of 1.5% for injection of ~4 Mt (megatonnes) (~7x10 6 m 3 in situ) of CO 2 in sands at 1,100 m to 1,400 m depth, for a roving surface horizontal electric dipole source. Andréis and MacGregor (2010) found measurable seafloor electric field sensitivity to the withdrawal of 4×10 5 m 3 (~3×10 5 m 3 in situ) of natural gas from 1,100 m to 1,400 m below seafloor instruments.…”