Investigation of painting technique of Coptic icon by integrated analytical methods: imaging, spectroscopic and chemometric methods

Abdel-Maksoud, Gomaa; Ibrahim, Medhat; Issa, Yousry M.; Magdy, Mina

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102085

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…White lead is a naturally occurring mineral known by the name hydrocerussite 25 . From antiquity until the 19 th century, lead white manufacture remained mostly unchanged 26 . On the surface of the white pigment, there were macro and micro cracks of different width and depth 27 , Air pollution and the presence of hydrogen sulfate caused white lead pigment to turn into dark lead sulfate 28 .…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscope [Sem] Equipped With [Edx]mentioning

confidence: 99%

physiochemical Characterization of Coptic Jesus Christ Icon, church of Saint Mercurius, Egypt.

fahim

abdelaal²,

Henin

2022

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

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Section: Scanning Electron Microscope [Sem] Equipped With [Edx]mentioning

confidence: 99%

physiochemical Characterization of Coptic Jesus Christ Icon, church of Saint Mercurius, Egypt.

fahim

abdelaal²,

Henin

2022

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

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“…Among other organic binders, animal glues have been frequently attested, especially in Chinese and Japanese paintings (Gettens et al 1967;Wei et al 2010;Liu et al 2016;Luo et al 2019) and on wooden supports (Arjonilla et al 2019a;Abdallah et al 2020;Abdel-Maksoud et al 2020).…”

Section: Binding Media and Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moving towards (apparently) less-used materials, diterpenic resins (mostly colophony and sandarac) have been sporadically found in 14 th -to 17 th -century artworks (Cardell et al 2009;Sansonetti et al 2010), while terpenic ones have been in 12 th -to 19 th -century artworks (Stanzani et al 2016;Abdel-Maksoud et al 2020;Pinna et al 2020).…”

Section: Binding Media and Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

Gliozzo

Ionescu

2021

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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This review summarises the state-of-the-art of lead-based pigment studies, addressing their production, trade, use and possible alteration. Other issues, such as those related to the investigation and protection of artworks bearing lead-based pigments are also presented. The focus is mineralogical, as both raw materials and degradation products are mineral phases occurring in nature (except for very few cases). The minerals described are abellaite, anglesite, blixite, caledonite, challacolloite, cerussite, cotunnite, crocoite, galena, grootfonteinite, hydrocerussite, laurionite, leadhillite, litharge, macphersonite, massicot, mimetite, minium, palmierite, phosgenite, plattnerite, plumbonacrite, schulténite, scrutinyite, somersetite, susannite, vanadinite and an unnamed phase (PbMg(CO3)2). The pigments discussed are lead white, red lead, litharge, massicot, lead-tin yellow, lead-tin-antimony yellow, lead-chromate yellow and Naples yellow. An attempt is made to describe the history, technology and alteration of these pigments in the most complete manner possible, despite the topic's evident breadth. Finally, an insight into the analytical methods that can (and should) be used for accurate archaeometric investigations and a summary of key concepts conclude this review, along with a further list of references for use as a starting point for further research.

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“…Owing to their great value as masterpieces to humanity, the conservation of cultural heritage materials, on top of which are human remains, is considered an advanced multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research area that involves significant contributions of different techniques [52,53].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Restoration of Mummies in Ancient Egypt

Conference

2023

Egypt. J. Chem.

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The human deterioration factor plays a major role in the mummies' deterioration, and it is no less important than other deterioration factors, whether in the burial environment or the exposure environment in museums or stores. Looting is considered one of the most serious human deterioration factors, which led to the destruction of some mummies during the different periods in ancient Egypt. This study aims to explain the impact of human deterioration on mummies, describe its aspects of deterioration, and present the ancient Egyptian restoration and conservation techniques and materials used through different periods. The ancient Egyptians used different methods in restoring mummies, especially in the reassembling process of separated or broken parts. Examples of reassembling methods used were wooden splints such as palm wood splints, palm bark, reed sticks, fibres from palm trees, and wooden pegs. The resin technique and linen with resins were also used. The materials used in the restoration process were resins and oils such as mastic, myrrh, and beeswax. Different plant fibers such as wood, linen, palm fibres, reed, etc. The metal "iron" was also used in this process. This study showed that the ancient Egyptians are considered the pioneers of restoration in the world, and they preceded others in this field. It was also found that most of the materials used in the restoration are resistant to microorganisms and insects, and improve the mechanical properties of mummies.

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Investigation of painting technique of Coptic icon by integrated analytical methods: imaging, spectroscopic and chemometric methods

Cited by 6 publications

References 44 publications

physiochemical Characterization of Coptic Jesus Christ Icon, church of Saint Mercurius, Egypt.

physiochemical Characterization of Coptic Jesus Christ Icon, church of Saint Mercurius, Egypt.

Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

The Restoration of Mummies in Ancient Egypt

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