Investigation of pesticide residues in fresh Sultani grapes and antioxidant properties of fresh/sun-dried/oven-dried grapes

Abstract

Grape is one of the most common crop plants in the world, and Turkey is seventh in fresh grape production. The seedless Sultani grape (Vitis vinifera L.) produced in Manisa is famous worldwide. The determination of antioxidant properties and phenolic substance levels, as well as investigation of the effects of different drying processes on these levels in grapes, is important in terms of revealing their contribution to health. Additionally, determining the levels of pesticide residues in fruit is another important issue for health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the levels of pesticide residues and antioxidant substances in fresh grapes and to evaluate the benefits and harm to health and the effect of drying methods on total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). The TAC, TPC, and TFC values of fresh grapes were found to be 12.56 ± 2.33 mg AE/g dry weight (DW), 2.85 ± 1.10 mg GAE/g DW, and 2.51 ± 1.27 mg QE/g DW, respectively. At least one pesticide residue was detected in all samples; iprodione and lambda-cyhalothrin were detected in 82.35% of samples. However, pesticide residues were found to be below the maximum residue levels specified in the Turkish Food Codex. Losses in TAC, TPC, and TFC of the Sultani grapes were found to be 47.45%, 55.02%, and 81.05% and 80.00%, 72.91%, and 72.11% for oven-dried and sun-dried grapes, respectively, in our study. The sundrying method leads to less loss in TPC and TFC values; in terms of TAC value, the best drying method is the oven-drying method. The antioxidant properties of fresh grapes investigated in our study were slightly higher compared to other white grapes in the literature, and there was no significant health risk with respect to pesticides determined in our study.

Modern Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Grapes: A Review

“…Countries such as India, Turkey and Iran are the top ten grape producing countries, and scientists from these countries are also actively studying pesticide residues [ 15 , 18 , 22 ].…”

“…The choice of the use of different pesticides, depends on many factors. Environmental conditions, such as sunlight, temperature and humidity, play an essential role in the kinetic and dynamic behaviors of pesticides [ 14 , 17 , 18 ]. The use of separate classes of pesticides helps to solve problems of various kinds; for example, one of the commonly used pesticides is pyrethroids [ 18 , 25 , 33 ].…”

“…Environmental conditions, such as sunlight, temperature and humidity, play an essential role in the kinetic and dynamic behaviors of pesticides [ 14 , 17 , 18 ]. The use of separate classes of pesticides helps to solve problems of various kinds; for example, one of the commonly used pesticides is pyrethroids [ 18 , 25 , 33 ]. Pyrethroids are a synthetic class of pesticides derived from natural chrysanthemum esters.…”

Current Situation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Northern Africa: The Sustainable Control Methods and Priorities for Future Research

“…Additionally, [19] observed a reduction in amylase activity and proteolytic enzyme, and reduced the total amount of proteins. In Tunisia, the economic importance of this mite has expanded on many crops, principally because of its resistance to acaricides [34]. Tetranychus urticae in citrus orchards are mainly active during summer and autumn.…”

“…Despite benefits such as rapid action in the reduction of pests numbers and their easy use when compared to natural extracts from plants [50], this strategy has many limitations; the examination of the action spectrum of the active components used throughout the world reveals that 46% of acaricides, 72% of insecticides, and 28% of fungicides are globally toxic towards auxiliary arthropods and public health [51]. Additionally, spider mites have developed resistances to more than 80 acaricides in more than 60 countries [34]. Particularly, Tetranychus urticae has developed resistances to more than 30 organophosphates and carbamates in 40 countries, this resistance is due to mutations in the mitochondrial cytochrome b protein of this pest [52].…”