Superparamagnetism has been widely
used for many biomedical applications,
such as early detection of inflammatory cancer and diabetes, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, etc., whereas incorporation
of superparamagnetism in stimulus-responsive hydrogels has now gained
substantial interest and attention for application in these fields.
Recently, pH-responsive superparamagnetic hydrogels showing the potential
use in disease diagnosis, biosensors, polymeric drug carriers, and
implantable devices, have been developed based on the fact that pH
is an important environmental factor in the body and some disease
states manifest themselves by a change in the pH value. However, improvement
in pH sensitivity of magnetic hydrogels is a dire need for their practical
applications. In this study, we report the distinctly high pH sensitivity
of new synthesized dual-responsive magnetic hydrogel nanocomposites,
which was accomplished by copolymerization (free-radical polymerization)
of two pH-sensitive monomers, acrylic acid (AA) and vinylsulfonic
acid (VSA) with an optimum ratio, in the presence of presynthesized
superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe
3
O
4
(OH)
x
). The monomers contain pH-sensitive
functional groups (COO
–
and SO
3
–
for AA and VSA, respectively), and they have also been widely used
as biomaterials because of the good biocompatibility. The pH sensitivity
of the superparamagnetic hydrogel, poly(acrylic acid-
co
-vinylsulfonic acid), PAAVSA/Fe
3
O
4
, was investigated
by swelling studies at different pH values from pH 7 to 1.4. Distinct
pH reversibility of the system was also demonstrated through swelling/deswelling
analysis. Thermal stability, chemical configuration, magnetic response,
and structural properties of the system have been explored by suitable
characterization techniques. Furthermore, the study reveals a pH-responsive
significant change in the overall morphology and packing fraction
of iron oxide nanoparticles in PAAVSA/Fe
3
O
4
via
energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping with the field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) study (for freeze-dried PAAVSA/Fe
3
O
4
, swelled at different pH values), implying a
drastic change in susceptibility and induced saturation magnetization
of the system. These important features could be easily utilized for
the purpose of diagnosis using magnetic probe and/or impedance analysis
techniques.