“…Comparatively, the manufacturing process of hot-rolled steel involves heating a billet to a temperature above the material’s recrystallization temperature (>1000 °C), followed by continuous rolling, extrusion, forging, and production. Throughout this entire process, both the shape and size of the material undergo significant changes [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Hot-rolled steel offers advantages such as relatively easy rolling and a high rolling efficiency.…”