Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender: Endurance tests

Adams, Carl L.; Peters, Josh; Rand, M. C.; Schroer, Bernard J.; Ziemke, M. Carl

doi:10.1007/bf02666588

Cited by 87 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…The authors concluded that fatty oil methyl esters may show promise as an alternative diesel fuel. Another paper cited similar studies where serious injector fouling and crankcase oil thickening problems had occurred when vegetable oils were used as diesel fuels 45 .…”

Section: Early Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characterization of Biodiesel Oxidation and Oxidation Products

2005

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This report must be reproduced in full,unless SwRI approves a summary or abridgement. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Stability Chemistry FundamentalsChemical reactivity of fatty oils and esters can be divided into oxidative and thermal instability. Both of these types of instability are determined by the amount and configuration of the olefinic unsaturation on the fatty acid chains. Many of the plant-derived fatty oils, including soy and rapeseed, contain polyunsaturated fatty acid chains that are methylene-interrupted rather than conjugated. This structural fact is key to understanding both oxidative and thermal instability.In oxidative instability, the methylene carbons between the olefinic carbons are the sites of first attack. After hydrogen is removed from such carbons oxygen rapidly attacks and a hydroperoxide is ultimately formed where the polyunsaturation has been isomerized to include a conjugated diene. This reaction is a chain mechanism that can proceed rapidly once an initial induction period has occurred. The greater the level of unsaturation in a fatty oil or ester, the more susceptible it will be to oxidation. Once the hydroperoxides have formed, they decompose and inter-react to form numerous secondary oxidation products including aldehydes, alcohols, shorter chain carboxylic acids, and higher molecular weight oligomers often called polymers. Another polymerization mechanism, vinyl polymerization, has been proposed as being part of the degradation process of fatty oils and esters. However, conventional understanding of oxidation chemistry would imply that such processes would not be significant when oxygen was abundant, so its precise level of importance has not been determined.Metals, free fatty acids, acidic fuel additives, the size of the alcohol group (for mono-esters), and the presence of natural antioxidants can all impact the oxidative stability of fatty oils and/or esters. Oxidation can also be catalyzed by light, but such photo-oxidation should not be a significant factor for the manufacture and transportation of biodiesel fuel.Thermal polymerization of fatty oils and esters does not become important until temperatures of 250-300°C are reached. This is because the methylene-interrupted polyunsaturated structure cannot participate in such reactions until it isomerizes into a conjugated configuration, and such isomerization will not occur until that temperature range is reached. Thermal polymerization occurs by the Diels Alder reaction, and two fatty acid chains are linked by a cyclohexene ring. Higher order oligomers are also possible, although the exact mechanism is still not established. Certain thermal polymerization products in used cooking oils may carry over to non-distilled biodiesel. The verification of such compounds and their impact on fuel quality has not been determined. Thermal polymerization may be of limited importance in biodiesel fuel that is repeatedly heated by the engine and recycled to the fuel tank before actual combustion. However, thermal polymerization will not impact stor...

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Section: Early Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characterization of Biodiesel Oxidation and Oxidation Products

2005

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“…The irst approach consisted on directly using vegetable oils without any chemical transformation as direct fuel. Thus, soybean oil [35], sunlower oil [36], canola oil [37] or rapeseed oil [38] have been studied. However, the direct use of vegetable oils or the use of blends with traditional petroleum-based diesel has not been considered a suitable solution due to the high viscosity, the gum formation due to oxidation processes and the deposition of carbon on piston and head of the engines [39].…”

Section: Transesteriication Of Grape Seed Oil For Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revalorization of Grape Seed Oil for Innovative Non-Food Applications

Haro¹,

Rodrı́guez²,

Carmona³

et al. 2018

Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization

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Grape processing produces a substantial amount of residues that are highly polluting and expensive to treat, being grape seed one of the main by-products with high commercial interest. During the extraction process of grape seed oil, most of the nutraceutical compounds remain on the solid cake. This book chapter resumes the potential utilization of grape seed oil for producing biobased materials through environmentally friendly processes that could substitute petroleum-derived products. Special atention is given to transesteriication and epoxidation processes. The transesteriication of grape seed oil in presence of methanol drives to the production of a biodiesel with excellent low-temperature properties. According to EN 14214, grape seed oil-based biodiesel presents a slightly lower cetane number than the speciied limit. In addition, this biodiesel presents a low oxidation stability which can be improved by the incorporation of oxidation stabilizer. Atending to the epoxidation of grape seed oil, short reaction times and high temperatures are advised. Epoxidized grape seed oil can be used for the synthesis of biobased polyols and its further application on the synthesis of polyurethane compounds.

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“…2 diesel fuel in the ratios of 1:2 and 1:1 were tested for engine performance and crankcase lubricant viscosity in a John Deere 6-cylinder, 6.6 L displacement, direct-injection, turbocharged engine for a total of 600 h (Adams et al, 1983). The lubricating oil thickening and potential gelling existed with the 1:1 blend, but it did not occur with the 1:2 blend.…”

Section: Direct Use and Blendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

00/00868 Biodiesel production: a review

2000

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

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Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental bene®ts and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. The cost of biodiesel, however, is the main hurdle to commercialization of the product. The used cooking oils are used as raw material, adaption of continuous transesteri®cation process and recovery of high quality glycerol from biodiesel by-product (glycerol) are primary options to be considered to lower the cost of biodiesel. There are four primary ways to make biodiesel, direct use and blending, microemulsions, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesteri®cation. The most commonly used method is transesteri®cation of vegetable oils and animal fats. The transesteri®cation reaction is aected by molar ratio of glycerides to alcohol, catalysts, reaction temperature, reaction time and free fatty acids and water content of oils or fats. The mechanism and kinetics of the transesteri®cation show how the reaction occurs and progresses. The processes of transesteri®cation and its downstream operations are also addressed. Ó

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Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender: Endurance tests

Cited by 87 publications

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Characterization of Biodiesel Oxidation and Oxidation Products

Characterization of Biodiesel Oxidation and Oxidation Products

Revalorization of Grape Seed Oil for Innovative Non-Food Applications

00/00868 Biodiesel production: a review

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