Investigation of sulfonation degree and temperature on structure, thermal and membrane's properties of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)

Zhang, Yuqing; Zhang, Ailing; Wang, Song; Li, Sanxi

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.332

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…This may be because the introduced −SO 3 H groups hinder the molecular chain ordering. 41 Therefore, it is assumed that only liquid−liquid demixing occurred during the sulfonation process and that vitrification is the main mechanism for the solidification of PEEK chains. In summary, the sulfonation process can be carried out in three stages:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, PEEK is a semicrystalline polymer, and both liquid–liquid and solid–liquid demixing may occur during the coagulation process. , The XRD results show low crystallinity on the surface of all sulfonated PEEK samples, indicating that very little crystallization occurred. This may be because the introduced −SO 3 H groups hinder the molecular chain ordering . Therefore, it is assumed that only liquid–liquid demixing occurred during the sulfonation process and that vitrification is the main mechanism for the solidification of PEEK chains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Formation Process and Mechanism of the 3D Porous Network on the Sulfonated PEEK Surface

Xie,

Xiao,

Song

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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A three-dimensional (3D) porous network can be prepared on the PEEK surface by sulfonation with enhanced osseointegration and antibacterial properties. However, few studies have been conducted on the formation mechanism of a 3D porous network. In this work, the surface and cross-sectional morphologies, chemical compositions, functional groups, surface wettability, and crystalline states of sulfonated PEEK were investigated at different sulfonation times and coagulant concentrations. The results show that the number of nodular structures and broken fibers on the sulfonated PEEK surface as well as the size of macrovoids in the cross sections increase with increasing sulfonation times when water is used as a coagulant. In contrast, dilute sulfuric acid as a coagulant can inhibit the formation of surface porous structures and macrovoids in the cross sections. Moreover, all of the sulfonated PEEK samples have the same chemical compositions but exhibit better hydrophilicity as the number of microsized pores decreases. It is proposed that non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) occurs during the sulfonation process, and the formation mechanism of surface and cross-sectional morphologies is discussed. Furthermore, it is assumed that the air is trapped in the microsized pores, leaving the surface of the 3D porous network in the Cassie-wetting state. All of these preliminary results throw light on the nature of the sulfonation process and may guide further modification of the structures of sulfonated PEEK.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Formation Process and Mechanism of the 3D Porous Network on the Sulfonated PEEK Surface

Xie,

Xiao,

Song

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was analyzed by the parameter by using the design of experiments analysis [38]. The nozzle temperature was found to be the most influential parameter on the tensile properties for printing the PEEK polymer which was determined via RSM analyses [39,40].…”

Section: Statistical Optimization Of Sulfonation Of Pekmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SPEK displayed solubility in solvents, such as NMP, DMSO, and DMF. Yuqing Zhang [39] worked on the sulfonation of PEEK using the quadratic models as a foundation, and a graphic of the multi-response optimization technique was used to identify the ideal parameters. In this report, the reaction concentration of 19 mL/g, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and reaction time of 3 h were observed to obtain the desired sulfonated polymer.…”

Section: Sulfonationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfonated Polyether Ketone Membranes Embedded with Nalidixic Acid—An Emerging Controlled Drug Releaser

Padinjarathil,

Vilasini,

Balasubramanian

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The effective administration of medication has advanced over decades, but the medical community still faces significant demand. Burst release and inadequate assimilation are major drawbacks that affect wound healing efficiency, leading to therapy failure. The widespread application of polymers in biomedical research is significant. The polyether ether ketone (PEEK) family is known for its biocompatibility, inertness, and semi-crystalline thermoplastic properties. In our present studies, we have chosen a member of this family, polyether ketone (PEK), to explore its role as a drug carrier. The PEK backbone was subjected to sulfonation to increase its hydrophilicity. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the sulfonation process based on the time, degree of sulfonation, and temperature. The PEK polymer was sulfonated using sulfuric acid at 150 °C for 6 h; back titration was performed to quantify the degree of sulfonation, with 69% representing the maximum sulfonation. SPEK and nalidixic sodium salt were dissolved in dichloroacetic acid to create a thin membrane. The physiological and morphological properties were assessed for the SPEK membrane. The studies on drug release in distilled water and a simulated body fluid over the course of 24 h revealed a controlled, gradual increase in the release rate, correlating with a mathematical model and demonstrating the zero-order nature of the drug release. Hemolysis on the SPEK membrane revealed lower toxicity. The SPEK membrane’s biocompatibility was established using in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the Vero (IC50: 137.85 g/mL) cell lines. These results confirm that the SPEK membranes are suitable for sustained drug release.

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“…Polymer materials have been applied widely in various fields in the past decades. [1][2][3] However, the flammability of most polymer materials hinders the application of polymer materials in the field that requires high fire safety. 4 Flame retardant is a commonly used additive in polymer materials, which usually contains boron, halogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon elements to increase the fire safety of polymer materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N, P co‐doped carbon quantum dot and ammonium polyphosphate as the synergistic flame retardant for epoxy resin

Wang,

Zhou,

et al. 2024

Vinyl Additive Technology

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An N, P co‐doped carbon quantum dot (NP‐CQD) was prepared using citric acid as the carbon source and hexachlorotripolyphosphonitrile as the nitrogen and phosphorus source. The structure and morphology of NP‐CQD were characterized. Subsequently, NP‐CQD was blended with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to come into being a synergistic phosphorus‐nitrogen flame retardant system (SPFRS). The SPFRS was applied in epoxy resin (EP) to enhance the flame retardancy of EP. Thermal stability, flame retardancy, combustion behavior, and char residue morphology of the EP samples were determined by multiple testing methods such as thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning (UL‐94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, microscale combustion calorimetry test, and scanning electron microscopy. When the weight ratio of NP‐CQD to APP was kept at 1:9 and 8% SPFRS was added to EP, the obtained flame‐retardant EP (EP/CQD‐APP2:18) passed the UL‐94 V‐0 level and the LOI value of EP/CQD‐APP2:18 reached 33.2%. The MCC test showed that the heat release capacity (HRC) of EP/CQD‐APP2:18 was reduced by 48.7% compared with pure EP. Morphology observation on the char residue of EP/CQD‐APP2:18 after the UL‐94 test indicated that the addition of SPFRS promoted the formation of the dense char residue layer to improve the flame retardancy of EP.Highlight An N, P co‐doped carbon quantum dot (NP‐CQD) was prepared and applied as a flame retardant. NP‐CQD and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) showed synergistic flame retardancy in epoxy resin. The proper weight ratio of NP‐CQD to APP was 1:9.

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Investigation of sulfonation degree and temperature on structure, thermal and membrane's properties of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)

Cited by 17 publications

References 59 publications

The Formation Process and Mechanism of the 3D Porous Network on the Sulfonated PEEK Surface

The Formation Process and Mechanism of the 3D Porous Network on the Sulfonated PEEK Surface

Sulfonated Polyether Ketone Membranes Embedded with Nalidixic Acid—An Emerging Controlled Drug Releaser

N, P co‐doped carbon quantum dot and ammonium polyphosphate as the synergistic flame retardant for epoxy resin

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