“…Numerical simulations appear to be an appropriate means to satisfy these requirements and have the potential to reduce the amount of prototypes [23]. These numerical simulations concern mainly the investigation of the thermal soak phase of a vehicle where the flow is buoyancy driven [24,25], the underhood compartment thermal management of passenger cars and trucks [26], the exhaust system during cold start emissions [27], diesel engine with a dual-loop Exhaust Gas Recirculation EGR system [28], the airflow over a radiator and convex and concave tubes [29,30] and vehicle suspension system [31]. However, the simulation means need to be validated by experimentally using prototypes [32,33] and real vehicles [34,35].…”