Different streams can be distinguished, with some using a small scope and others a broad scope. Stream 1: A clear proponent of the broad definition and founder of COBIT is the IT Governance Institute. COBIT is the well-known framework formerly known as Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology. In 1996 ISACA released the first edition of the COBIT framework. This was originally released as a set of control objectives to support financial auditors and IT auditors in practice. It was expanded in subsequent years with control guidelines (version 2), management guidelines (version 3) and ITG guidelines in 2005 (version 4.0) and 2007 (version 4.1). In 2011, ITIL (including ISO 20000), the international standard for IT service management, remained the most frequently mentioned external framework used as a basis for ITG (ITGI). Some researchers define ITG "as the process by which decisions are made around IT investments" and claim ITIL version 3, released in 2007, can provide a well matured framework for ITG (Nabiollahi and Sahibuddin, 2008). Stream 2: Weill and Ross (2004) use define ITG simply as "the decision rights and accountability framework for encouraging desirable behaviour in the use of IT". These authors can be deemed the main contributors to the stream focusing on decision-making, and consider ITG from a decision-making perspective. As components of ITG, this stream uses elements such as IT decisions or decision archetypes (Weill and Ross, 2004, Weill and Ross, 2005). Others complement this with the context in which the decision is made (Xue et al., 2008). Stream 3 and 4: At one end of the continuum, emphasis is placed on corporate conformance, and at the other end, a concern with corporate performance (Bhimani and Soonawalla, 2005). Given that our research focuses on performance rather than conformance we must differentiate between both aspects of corporate governance. We define 'corporate governance, conformance perspective' as being related to rules and regulations, and 'corporate governance, performance perspective' as pertaining to performance and value creation. W o r k i n g d i r e c t i o n o f I T G Whereas the top-down view is related to structure, processes and planning, the bottom-up view is related to social aspects like culture, behaviour and collaboration. To explain this view we make a side-step to institutional economics, in which two contrasting worldviews coexist.