Investigation of the efficacy of Tarantula cubensis extract (Theranekron D6) in the treatment of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cows

Abstract

IntroductionDefined as inflammation of the mammary gland, mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cattle, and it causes major economic losses (1). The disease reduces milk yield, alters milk composition, and shortens the productive life of affected dairy cattle. Seventy to eighty percent of milk losses caused by mastitis arise from subclinical cases (2). The changes observed in the composition of milk in subclinical mastitis include the presence of plasma proteins, alterations in ion concentrations, the breakdown of local cells, a reduction in the synthetic capacity of the mammary epithelium, and, most importantly, an increase in shedding of somatic cells (3). Although the tests used to determine the number of somatic cells in milk enable diagnosis of mastitis, they do not provide information on its causative agents. Despite the lengthy time they require, the isolation and identification of microorganisms by the culturing of milk samples and the application of antibiograms contribute greatly to the diagnosis and treatment of mastitis as well as to prophylaxis (4).Nevertheless, mastitis control programs highlight the need for the rapid and timely treatment of cases on the basis of the somatic cell count (SCC) values determined by use of easily applied rapid techniques, irrespective of whether they are caused by environmental or contagious pathogens (5).Although mastitis develops as a result of polymicrobiological infection, the most frequently isolated agents are Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and of gram-negative bacteria, E. coli (6,7). Other microorganisms involved in the development of mastitis are Actinomyces pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Mycoplasma spp., and Pasteurella multocida (8).Depending on the type and virulence of the microorganisms involved, the clinical course of mastitis in dairy cattle varies from mild to fatal. The treatment protocol applied also varies with the severity of mastitis. Generally, therapeutic agents are administered by the intramammary route. When compared to systemic

In vitro cytotoxic activity of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract on different human cell lines

“…Spider venoms are known to have an anticancer perspective, via tempering the cell cycle, several cell death mechanisms, ion channels and receptors [22]. T. cubensis alcoholic extract, commercially named Theranekron ® , is commonly used as a veterinary remedy [23]. It is known to have several therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor and wound healing.…”

Investigation of Regenerative Effects of Theranekron® and Misoprostol after Partial Hepatectomy in Rats

“…Althought some literatures were reported that, TC has been found an effective agent on the treatments of some animal diseases we have not seen any positive effect on liver regeneration, and also same situation may have say for MS. But, in the future (at different dose and durations) these may be found effective [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

“…It is used in veterinary medicine in cases of septic conditions, such as dermatitis, inflammatory nail diseases (panaricium, foot rot), phlegumones, ulcers, abscesses, purulent lesions and necrosis. It is stated that it can be accelerate uterus involution and reduce vaginal discharge in the early postpartum period, and also it may be used as an alternative therapeutic for the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle [2][3][4]. Additionally, in blue tongue infections of cattle, administration of TC together with oxytetracycline and flunixin have shown fever returns to normal earlier and re-epithelization accelerates, and it is more effective than alone levamisole administration in the treatment of nipple papillomatosis [5,6].…”

The Effect of Tarantula cubensis (Theranekron) on Some Reproductive Parameters in Male Rats

“…Theranekronis used in the treatment of many genital diseases such as mastitis, breast edema, retention of secundinarium, papillomatosis, breast tumor, genital organ tumors, metritis (Kaçar et al, 2007;Oryan et al, 2012;Swamy et al, 2020;Sardari et al, 2007;Ghasemi et al, 2016;Lotfollahzadeh, 2020;Gürbulak et al, 2014;Stampa, 1986;Icen et al, 2011).…”