Investigation of the firing temperature effects on clay brick sample; Part-I: Mineralogical phase characterization

Bohara, Narendra Bahadur; Bhat, Lal Bahadur; Ghale, Dol Bahadur; Duwal, Nirjan; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh

doi:10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21319

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The durability assessment of different types of clay bricks is mainly based on their technical physico-sintering and mechanical properties. However, such technical properties of the archaeological clay brick samples of Kathmandu valley are not reported in scientific communities, although mineralogy of the archaeological bricks (Ghale et al 2018), fired clay bricks at different temperatures (Bohara et al 2018) and ceramic tiles (Buthathoki et al 2018a, 2018b) were recently reported by some of the present researchers in Nepal. It was reported that the mineralogical phases existed in the archaeological clay brick samples collected from Kathmandu valley were identified as quartz, feldspars, spinel, muscovite type of mica mineral and hematite, and such clay bricks were considered to be fired at 900-1000 °C for their production (Ghale et al 2018).…”

Section: Introduction and Objectivementioning

confidence: 69%

“…The mechanical property of the compressive strength of the seven ancient clay brick samples was estimated in accordance with ASTM standards (ASTM C1424-15 2015) using the RAM DIA 222-2 mm with maximum load of 2000 KN compression testing machine available at the Central Material Testing Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering of Pulchowk Engineering Campus, Tribhuvan University, Lalitpur using equation (4) as given below. The details about the estimation of the compressive strength of the seven ancient brick samples were described elsewhere (Bohara et al 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ancient Clay Brick Samples of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Bhattarai

Ghale

Chapagain

et al. 2018

Tribhuvan University Journal

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Physical and mechanical properties of seven ancient clay brick samples of Kathmandu valley consisting of quartz, feldspars, spinel, margarite, muscovite type of mica mineral and hematite were studied using ASTM standards. All the brick samples used in this study have the water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density in the range of 10-28 percent, 17-33 percent and 1.2-1.8 g/cm3, respectively, while the compressive strength of all the brick samples is found to be in the range of 5-23 MPa. The bulk density of the tile samples is found to be increased with decreasing the water absorption and apparent porosity. The compressive strength of all the clay brick samples can be correlated with their physical properties. Consequently, durability of the ancient bricks is directly influenced by their physical properties of water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density.

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Section: Introduction and Objectivementioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ancient Clay Brick Samples of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Bhattarai

Ghale

Chapagain

et al. 2018

Tribhuvan University Journal

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“…In the past, a few researchers studied the geological genesis [25][26][27][28][29], mineralogical [30][31][32][33], physicosintering [34][35][36][37], and ceramics [38][39][40] properties of clay minerals/soils of Nepal. A detailed study about the properties of porcelain raw materials deposited in Pachamane (Shivapuri conservation area of Kathmandu district) and Daman (Makawanpur district) areas of Nepal was carried out since the 1990s [9,32,[41][42][43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis Exploration of White Clays Deposited in Thimi Area of Kathmandu Valley

Dhakal¹,

Duwal²,

Adhikari³

et al. 2021

J. Nepal Chem. Soc.

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The geological genesis of the Thimi-Sanothimi white clay deposits of Kathmandu Valley was explored employing mineralogical and chemical analyses in this research. For the study, two sample specimens of the clay having two types of particle size, i.e., about < 63 µm (bulk) and < 2 µm (fine), were separated with the help of standard sieve mesh which further modified using high-temperature heat, and 1 M HCl and 1 M KCl solution treatments. For the most part, both the clay fractions constituted of 2:1 type of vermiculite and mica (mainly of K-mica type) clay minerals with different feldspars and quartz phases as clay admixtures from the results of the mineralogical phase analysis. The chemical constituents of the clay particles with < 63 µm, < 2 µm, and the HCl-treated sample specimens confirmed the existence of a high quantity of SiO2 with comparatively low Al2O3 which indicates the presence of fewer amounts of the vermiculite and mica minerals comparatively with feldspars and quart admixtures in the analyzed white clay samples. Moreover, the clay sample contained a considerable quantity of Fe2O3 and MgO chemicals which are not favorable raw material constituents for good quality porcelains and white-wares products without refining and chemical-modifications. The present work could be the first step to explore its potentiality in various industrial sectors like table-ware, sanitary-ware, brick and tile ceramics, paper and pulp, petrochemical, pharmaceutical including environmental pollution controlling agents in Nepal.

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“…The demand for brick is accelerating worldwide, mainly due to rapid urbanization and associated socio-economic development. Urbanization is increasing at an average rate of 6% per annum, driving the demand for bricks for housing commensurately [1]. More than 1.5 trillion bricks are produced globally each year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies about characteristics of bricks have been done before [1,2,6,7,8,9], however, none of them have assessed the quality of brick with respect to all influencing factors together [1,9] which this study aims to address. Though, this case study was performed on the bricks produced in Kathmandu Valley, the result would be applicable to other places where similar conditions exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Characteristics of Bricks Produced in Kathmandu, Nepal

Subedi¹

2020

AJCE

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The quality of brick is determined by its physical, mechanical and microstructure characteristics. The main objective of this study was to assess the characteristics of different types of bricks produced under various clay composition, different types of kiln used, and various firing temperature, and cooling process, which are considered as the major factors affecting the brick quality. A mixed-method approach was used to carry out this study. Both primary and secondary data were collected form field observations, discussions, lab experiments, and literature review. Literature review was done to identify the relationship between affecting factors and brick characteristics. The status of bricks produced was assessed through lab tests. The results from both methods were compared and discussed thoroughly. The purposive sampling method was adopted to collect brick samples from six different brick factories situated in Kathmandu and lab tests were carried out in the Engineering Material Lab at Institute of Engineering (IOE) Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal. Deformation, bulk density, water absorption capacity, and compressive strengths of sampled bricks were observed and then compared with standard code values as well as with previous findings. The study showed that none of the brick samples was found within the standard benchmarks, and the bulk density was low, however, the water absorption capacity and compressive strength values of all the sampled bricks were found to be within the allowable limit, even though they were close to the lower bound. The study also discussed technical, social and environment policy related issues that are important for producing and making the best use of quality bricks. The study results may be applied to other places where similar situation exists.

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Investigation of the firing temperature effects on clay brick sample; Part-I: Mineralogical phase characterization

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Study on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ancient Clay Brick Samples of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Study on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ancient Clay Brick Samples of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Genesis Exploration of White Clays Deposited in Thimi Area of Kathmandu Valley

Study of Characteristics of Bricks Produced in Kathmandu, Nepal

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